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Text 14. Higher Education in the USA.
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New words:
Community college - колледж, в котором учатся студенты, живущие дома, где учеба дешевле, т.к. часть расходов берут на себя местные органы власти
Tuition fee - плата за обучение
Associate degree - степень ассоциата, первоначальная ученая степень, присваемая после двух лет обучения
To transfer - переходить
Accounting - бухгалтерское дело
Curriculum - учебный план, программа
Major subjects - профилирующие предметы
Electives - предметы по выбору, факультативные предметы
Assignment - задание
Many students, upon finishing high school, choose to continue their education. The system of higher education includes 4 categories of institutions.
The community college, which is financed by the local community gives educa-tion in different professions. Tuition fees are low in these colleges, that’s why ab-out 40 per cent of all American students of higher education study at these colle-ges. On graduation from such colleges American students get “associate degree” and can start to work or may transfer to 4-year colleges or universities (usually to the 3rd year).
The technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take cour-ses ranging from six months to three-four years, and learn different technical skills, which may include design business, computer programming, accounting, etc. The best-known of them are: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Technological Institute in California.
The four-year college, which is not part of a university. The graduates receive the degree of Bachelor of Science (BS). There are also small Art Colleges, which grant degrees in specialized fields such as ballet, film-making and even circus perfoman-ce. There are also Pedagogical Colleges.
The university. Which may contain.
● several colleges for students who want to receive a bachelor’s degree after four
year of study;
● one or more graduate schools for those who want to continue master’s degree
and then a doctor’s degree. There are 156 universities in the USA.
Any of these institutions of higher education may be either public or private. The public institutions are financed by state. Most of the students, more than 80 per cent, study at public institutions of higher education, because tuition fees here are much lower. Some of the best-known private universities are Harvard, Yale and Princeton.
It is not easy to enter a college at a learning university in the United States. Suc-cessful applicants at colleges of higher education are usually chosen on the basis of:
● their high-school records which include their class rank, the list of all the cour-ses taken and all the grades received in high school, test results;
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● recommendation from their high-school teachers;
● the impression they make during interviews at the university, which is in fact a
serious examination;
● scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.
The academic year is usually nine months, divided into two terms. Studies usual-ly begin in September and end in July. Each college or university has its own curri-culum. During one term a student must study 4 or 5 different courses. There are co-urses that every student has to take in order to receive a degree. These courses or subjects are called major subjects or “majors”.
At the same time there are subjects which the student may choose himself for his future life. These courses are called “electives”. A student has to earn a certain nu-mber of “credits” (about 120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four years of college. Students who study at a university or four-year college are known as undergraduates. Those who have received a degree after 4 years of studies are known as graduates. They may take graduate program for another 2 years in order to get a master’s degree. Further studies are postgraduate which result a doctor’s degree.
Text 15. Going to College.
Going to college usually means leaving home for the first time. Most college stu-dents live on campus, which is the place where all the college buildings are. Some students have rooms in buildings called dormitories. Others may live in “fraterni-ty” or “sorority” houses. There are clubs of men or women students. They choose their members carefully. Some students prefer to live off campus. They try to find rooms or apartments near the campus.
A college diploma is called a degree. There are three degrees that students can ta-ke. The first four years of college gives an undergraduate degree. Students in un-dergraduate school study lots of subjects. They do not choose their important sub-ject until the end of undergraduate school. They earn credits for the classes they complete. They must have a certain number of credits in their most important sub-ject and some credits in other subjects, too. Then they get a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.
With a BA degree, college students can go on to graduate school. After two or three years, they can get a Master of Arts (MA) degree. These are subjects that will be important for their later work. Graduate school can prepare students to become teachers or lawyers, for example. With a Master of Science degree (MSc),
They can become scientists. They can prepare for work in business with a Master of Business Administration degree (MBA).Students can go on in a graduate school to get a Doctor of Philosophy degree. (PhD). That is the highest degree university students can get. Most university teachers must have a PhD.
In the U.S. many students stay on at college to get a master’s degree because a bachelor’s degree if often not enough to get the job they want. It can take a long ti-me and a lot of money. It takes at least ten years to become a doctor ö seven years to become lawyer, and five or six years to become a teacher. Many students are in their mid or late twenties when they finally start work.
Campus – территория университета или колледжа
Fraternity – студенческая мужская организация
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Sorority – женское студенческое общество
Text 16. ROYAL TRADITIONS
Great Britain is conservative country. But it has many holidays, festivals, cus-toms and traditions, which are accurately observed. One of the most exciting fea-tures in England is its Royal traditions. Every year, thousands oftourists come to England to visit its historical places, monuments and of course to view some of the Royal traditions. Here are some of them.
The Trooping of the Colour.
The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st, but she has an official birthday, too. That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen’s official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of sol-diers at Horse.
Guards Parade in London. The Guards march in front of the Queen. The Guards are trooping the colour. Thousands of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guards Parade. And millions of people at home watch it on television.
The changing of the Guard
This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s home in London. Soldiers stand in front of the palace. Each morning these soldiers change. One gro-up leaves and another arrivers. In summer and winter tourists stand outside the pa-lace at 11.30 every morning and watch the Changing of the Guard.
Maundy Money
Maundy Thursday is the day before Good Friday, at Easter. On that day the Queen gives Maundy Money to a group of old people. This tradition is over 1000 years old.
Swan-upping
On the River Thames there are hundreds of swans. A lot of these beautiful white birds belong to the king or queen. In July the young swans on the Thames are about two months old. Then the Queen’s swan keeper goes, in a boat, from London Bridge to Henley. He looks at all the young swans and marks the royal ones.
The State opening of Parliament
Parliament, not the Royal Family, controls modern Britain. But traditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels from Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament in a gold carriage. At the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a «throne» in the House of Lords. Then she reads the «Queen’s Speech».
The Queen wears a crown and other jewels from the Crown Jewels.
The Order of the Garter ceremony.
The Order of the Garter ceremony has a long history. King Edward III started the Order in the fourteenth century. At that time, the people in the Order were the twenty-four bravest knights in England. Now the knights of the Order aren’t all soldiers. They are members of the House of Lords, church leaders or politicians.
The Queen is the Sovereign of the Order of the Garter. But she isn’t the only ro-yal person in the Order. Prince Charles and Prince Philip are Royal Knights.
In June the Order has a traditional ceremony at Windsor Castle. This is the Queen’s favourite castle. It’s also the home of the Order of the Garter. All the knights walk from the castle to St George’s Chapel, the royal church at Windsor. They wear the traditional clothes or «robes» of the Order. These robes are very heavy but they are an important part of one of Britain’s oldest tradition.
The Queen’s Christmas speech
On Christmas Day at 3.00 in the afternoon, the Queen makes a speech on radio and TV. It is ten minutes long. In it she talks to the people of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth is a large group of countries. In the past they were all in the British Empire. Australia, India, Canada and New Zealand are among the 49 members.
The B.B.C. (the British Broadcasting corporation) sends the Queen’s speech to every Commonwealth country. In her speech the Queen talks about the past year.
New words:
Trooping of the Colour - вынос знамени
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Horse Guards - конногвардейский полк
changing of the guard - смена караула
Maundy Thursday - страстной четверг
Good Friday - чистая пятница
Order of the Garter - орден подвязки
Robes - мантия
Commonwealth - содружество
Maundy Money - Милостыня Великого Поста
Swan upping - Маркировка лебедей
VII.Приложения.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1
Неправильные глаголы
arise arose arisen arising 1. возникать 2. поднимать
be was, were been being быть
bear bore born, borne bearing 1. носить 2. рождать
beat beat beaten beating бить
become became become becoming становиться
begin began begun beginning начинать
bind bound bound binding связывать
bite bit bit biting кусать
bleed bled bled bleeding кровоточить
break broke ' broken breaking ломать
breed bred bred breeding выводить, разводить
bring brought brought bringing приносить
build built built building строить
burn burnt burnt burning сжигать; гореть
burst burst burst bursting разрываться; лопаться
buy bought bought buying покупать
cast cast cast. casting бросать
catch caught caught catching ловить
choose chose chosen choosing. выбирать
come came come coming приходить
creep crept crept creeping ползти
cut cut cut' cutting резать
deal with dealt dealt dealing иметь дело с,
do did done doing делать
draw drew drawn drawing 1. тянуть 2. рисовать
dream dreamt dreamt dreaming 1. мечтать 2, видеть во сне
drink drank drunk drinking пить
drive drove driven driving везти
eat ate eaten eating есть; питаться
fall fell fallen falling падать, '
feed fed fed feeding кормить; снабжать
feel felt felt feeling чувствовать
fight fought fought fighting бороться :
flow flew flown flowing течь
fly flew flown flying летать
forbid forbade forbidden forbidding запрещать
forget forgot forgotten forgetting забывать
foresee foresaw foreseen foreseeing предвидеть
freeze froze frozen freezing замораживать, замерзать
get got got getting 1. получать
2. становиться
give gave given giving давать
go went gone going идти
grind ground ground grinding молоть
grow grew grown growing 1. расти
2. становиться
3. выращивать
hang hung hung hanging вешать; висеть
have had had having иметь
hear heard heard hearing слышать
hide hid hidden hiding прятать
hit hit hit hitting ударять
hold held held holding держать
hurt hurt hurt hurting 1. вредить 2. ранить
keep kept kept keeping держать
know knew known knowing знать
lay laid laid laying класть
lead led led leading вести; руководить
leave left left leaving оставлять
lend lent lent lending давать взаймы
let let let letting позволять
lie lay lain lying лежать
light lit lit lighting зажигать
lose lost lost losing терять
make made made making 1. делать, создавать
2. заставлять
mean meant. meant meaning значить; означать
meet met met meeting встречать
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put put put putting класть
read read read reading. читать
ring rang rung ringing звонить
rise rose risen rising поднимать
run ran run. running бежать
say said said saying говорить
shake shook shaken shaking встряхивать
shut shut shut shutting закрывать
shrink shrank shrunk shrinking 1. сжиматься
2. сокращаться
see saw seen seeing видеть
seek sought sought seeking искать
sell' sold sold selling продавать
send sent sent sending посылать
set set set setting устанавливать
sit sat sat sitting сидеть
slide slid slid sliding скользить.
smell smelt smelt smelling пахнуть
speak spoke spoken speaking говорить
speed sped sped speeding ускорять
split split split splitting расщеплять(ся)
spoil spoilt spoilt spoiling портить(ся)
spread spread spread spreading распространять(ся)
stand stood stood, standing 1.стоять
2. выдерживать
stick stuck stuck sticking прилипать
strike Struck, struck striking ударять
swell swelled swollen swelling распухать
swim swam swum swimming плыть, плавать
take took taken taking брать
teach taught taught teaching преподавать; обучать
tear tore : torn tearing разрывать(ся)
tell told told telling сообщать к.-л. ч.-л.
think thought thought thinking 1. думать
2. полагать
throw threw, thrown throwing бросать.
wake woke woken, waking 1. будить
2. просыпаться
weave wove woven weaving ткать; сплетать
win won won winning побеждать
withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdrawing удалять
write wrote, written writing писать
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2
Латинские термины
ab initio — в начале
ad hoc — на данный случай
ad libitum — сколько (как) угодно; по желанию; на
выбор
a posteriori — на основании опыта
a priori — заранее; независимо от опыта
corrigenda — список ошибок
cum — с, включая
de novo — вновь
in parvp — в незначительной мере
in re/re — относительно, по вопросу
in situ — на месте
in toto — в целом.,
in vitro — в лабораторном.сосуде
in vivo — в естественных условиях, в живом организме,
ipso facto — в силу очевидности
modus operandi > — способ действия
mutatis mutandis. — сделав соответствующие изменения
pari passu — попутно
per capita — на душу населения
per iterim — тем, временем
per se — сам по себе; по существу
prima facie — на первый взгляд
pro rata — пропорционально
pro tern — временно, в данное время
sui generis,, — своего рода, своеобразный
viceversa, —напротив, наоборот
Французские термины
au couraht —в курсе (событий)
en bloc — целиком
in lieu of — вместо чего-л.
milieu — окружение
par example — например
par excellence — по преимуществу, преимущественно
vis-a-vis — напротив
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3
Латинские сокращения
А. с. — anni currentis — текущего года
a. i. — ad interim ' — временный; временно
a. m. — ante meridiem — до полудня
с. (са.) — circa — приблизительно, около
с. — cum — с
cf. — confer — сравни
е. g. — exempli gratia — например
et al. — et alii — и другие
etc. — et cetera — и так далее
ib., ibid. — ibidem — там же, в том же месте
id. — idem — то же самое, так же, тот же
i. е. — id est — that is — то есть
in ex. — in extenso — довольно полно, полностью
in loc. — in loco — на своем месте
int. al — inter alia — между прочим
lbs. — libra — pounds — фунты
loc. cit. — указанное сочинение
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med. — medium — середина, центр
N. В. — nota bene — примечание; отметки
op. cit. — opus citatum — цитируемое произведение
oz— ounces — унция (= 28,3 г)
p. m. — post meridiem — после полудня
pro et con — pro et contra — за и против
s. — sine — without — без
s. s. — sensu stricto — в буквальном смысле
Sic! — (буквально) Так! — (указывает на важность или подлинность данного места в тексте или на ошибочность приведенных слов)
u. i. — ut infra — как указано
vs. — versus — по сравнению с, напротив
v. v. — vice versa — наоборот, напротив
viz. — videlicet — а именно, то есть
Text 16. ROYAL TRADITIONS
Great Britain is conservative country. But it has many holidays, festivals, cus-toms and traditions, which are accurately observed. One of the most exciting fea-tures in England is its Royal traditions. Every year, thousands oftourists come to England to visit its historical places, monuments and of course to view some of the Royal traditions. Here are some of them.
The Trooping of the Colour.
The Queen is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her real birthday is on April 21st, but she has an official birthday, too. That’s on the second Saturday in June. And on the Queen’s official birthday, there is a traditional ceremony called the Trooping of the Colour. It’s a big parade with brass bands and hundreds of sol-diers at Horse.
Guards Parade in London. The Guards march in front of the Queen. The Guards are trooping the colour. Thousands of Londoners and visitors watch Horse Guards Parade. And millions of people at home watch it on television.
The changing of the Guard
This happens every day at Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s home in London. Soldiers stand in front of the palace. Each morning these soldiers change. One gro-up leaves and another arrivers. In summer and winter tourists stand outside the pa-lace at 11.30 every morning and watch the Changing of the Guard.
Maundy Money
Maundy Thursday is the day before Good Friday, at Easter. On that day the Queen gives Maundy Money to a group of old people. This tradition is over 1000 years old.
Swan-upping
On the River Thames there are hundreds of swans. A lot of these beautiful white birds belong to the king or queen. In July the young swans on the Thames are about two months old. Then the Queen’s swan keeper goes, in a boat, from London Bridge to Henley. He looks at all the young swans and marks the royal ones.
The State opening of Parliament
Parliament, not the Royal Family, controls modern Britain. But traditionally the Queen opens Parliament every autumn. She travels from Buckingham Palace to the Houses of Parliament in a gold carriage. At the Houses of Parliament the Queen sits on a «throne» in the House of Lords. Then she reads the «Queen’s Speech».
The Queen wears a crown and other jewels from the Crown Jewels.
The Order of the Garter ceremony.
The Order of the Garter ceremony has a long history. King Edward III started the Order in the fourteenth century. At that time, the people in the Order were the twenty-four bravest knights in England. Now the knights of the Order aren’t all soldiers. They are members of the House of Lords, church leaders or politicians.
The Queen is the Sovereign of the Order of the Garter. But she isn’t the only ro-yal person in the Order. Prince Charles and Prince Philip are Royal Knights.
In June the Order has a traditional ceremony at Windsor Castle. This is the Queen’s favourite castle. It’s also the home of the Order of the Garter. All the knights walk from the castle to St George’s Chapel, the royal church at Windsor. They wear the traditional clothes or «robes» of the Order. These robes are very heavy but they are an important part of one of Britain’s oldest tradition.
The Queen’s Christmas speech
On Christmas Day at 3.00 in the afternoon, the Queen makes a speech on radio and TV. It is ten minutes long. In it she talks to the people of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth is a large group of countries. In the past they were all in the British Empire. Australia, India, Canada and New Zealand are among the 49 members.
The B.B.C. (the British Broadcasting corporation) sends the Queen’s speech to every Commonwealth country. In her speech the Queen talks about the past year.
New words:
Trooping of the Colour - вынос знамени
Horse Guards - конногвардейский полк
changing of the guard - смена караула
Maundy Thursday - страстной четверг
Good Friday - чистая пятница
Order of the Garter - орден подвязки
Robes - мантия
Commonwealth - содружество
Maundy Money - Милостыня Великого Поста
Swan upping - Маркировка лебедей
Вопросы кзачету (I семестр)
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