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Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. Nobel Prizes in Physics
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nikolay Semyonov was the first Soviet Nobel Laureate. In 1956, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Cyril Nirman Hinshelwood of the United Kingdom, for his work on the mechanism of chemical reactions. The two chemists, independently from each other, elaborated a chain reaction theory in the later 1920s. Academician N. Semyonov, one of the founders of chemical physics and the author of the theory of thermal disruptive discharge of dielectric, was among the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1951). He was a member of foreign academies, including the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1963-1971, Semyonov was Vice President of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Kantorovichwas the Soviet mathematician and economist, known for his theory and development of techniques for the optimal allocation of resources. His most famous work is The Best Use of Economic Resources (1959). Kantorovich pioneered the technique of linear programming as a tool of economic planning, having developed a linear programming model in 1939. Although his background was purely mathematical, his work showed a keen understanding of the economic aspects of problems. He developed a concept called resolving multipliers that corresponds to the shadow prices in Western economic literature. In 1975 the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded jointly to Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans “for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources”.
Nobel Prizes in Physics
A team of Russian physicists – Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm – were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, or electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium.
In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Lev Landau for “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium. ”
Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”. US physicist Charles Hard Townes arrived at similar results independently from the Soviet researchers, so the 1964 Nobel Prize was divided between the three, with Townes being awarded one half.
One half of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 was awarded to Pyotr Kapitsa “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics” (he had been working on since the 1930s).
In 2000, Russian physicist Zhores Alferov shared one half of the Nobel Prize with Herbert Kroemer of Germany “for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed-and opto-electronics. ”
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 was awarded jointly to Alexei Abrikosov, Vitaly Ginzburg and British and American physicist Anthony J. Leggett “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”.
Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material grapfene. ” Andre Geim left the Soviet Union in 1990 and later was granted the Dutch citizenship. Konstantin Novoselov left for the Netherlands in 1999 and later received the British citizenship.
On the base of https: //www. nobelprize. org/
https: //www. msu. ru/en/science/
http: //tass. com/society/968471
3. Find in the above text the English equivalents to the following Russian word combinations:
лауреат Нобелевской премии; известен как основатель; сильная держава; выдающиеся работы; свободно владеть иностранными языками; величайшая польза на благо человечества; изобретения и открытия; присуждать премию; независимо друг от друга; электромагнитная радиация; фундаментальная работа в области; теория цепной реакции; диэлектрическая среда; академия наук; оптимальное распределение ресурсов; глубокое понимание; высокоскоростной; совместно с; новаторские эксперименты; двумерный материал; фундаментальная работа в области; основанный на; распределен между; изобретения и открытия; гражданство.
4. Answer the following questions:
1. What is Alfred Nobel known for?
2. Where was he from?
3. What was in his will?
4. What fields of science are the prizes awarded in? (Why mathematics is out of this list)?
5. When was the first Nobel Prize ceremony?
6. When and where does the Nobel Prize ceremony annually take place?
7. How many Russian scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize?
8. What was the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded for?
9. What were the Nobel Prizes in Physics awarded for?
10. What additional prize has been awarded since 1969?
11. Who of Russian scholars was the last to get the Nobel Prize and for what achievement?
12. Can you name all Russian scientists, writers and political figures who got the Nobel Prize?
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