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Text A. Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
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.The Soviet scientists N. Burdenko, L. Koreisha, A. Speransky and B. Mogilnitsky proved the existence of an association between a lesion of the central and peripheral nervous systems and the development of ulcer.
201The neurogenous theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was developed further into the corticovisceral theory by K. Bykov and I. Kurtsin. According to this theory gastric and duodenal ulcers were found to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, i.e. the brain cortex.
The brain cortex under the influence of external and internal stimuli sends impulses to the stomach and the duodenum, which cause a spastic contraction of vessels. Such a spastic contraction results in local trophic disturbances followed by erosion of the affected area by the gastric juice.
In the majority of cases ulcer is observed to develop in particularly nervous persons, often after emotional overstrain. But an irregular diet in combination with an emotional overstrain is often observed to contribute to the onset of ulcer development.
Gastric and duodenal ulcers are found to develop more frequently in men than in women, mainly at ages of 25 to 40 years. This disease is characterized by pains, haemorrhages, nausea, vomiting, etc[At the onset of the disease pain is usually dull in character. In gastric ulcers pain is found to grow worse after meals. Acute pain in the stomach is known to be characteristic of perforated ulcers. Pain due to ulcer is well known to occur periodically and be intermittent in occurrence.
The course of ulcer has proved to vary with age and sex, location of ulcers, etc. At a young age its course has no characteristic clinical manifestations. In old persons the incidence of ulcers is known to be rare. But they are often complicated by considerable haemorrhage resulting from sclerotic changes in the stomach.
Ulcers are known to have a chronic, cyclic course, with remissions from 6 to 12 months. Exacerbation (обострение) of ulcers, particularly that of duodenal ulcers, has been found to occur in spring and autumn.
VII.* Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А:
1. Patients with perforated ulcers are known to complain of... (a) an acute pain in the stomach; 6) a sharp pain in the substernal area radiating to the shoulder) 2. In old persons ulcers are complicated by haemorrhage which is due to... (a) sclerotic changes in the stomach; 6) an irregular diet in combination with a nervous overstrain) 3. According to corticovisceral theory the development of ulcer is associated with... (a) disturbances in the blood supply of the brain; 6) the lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems)
VIII. Прочитайте следующие сообщения и запомните факты, о которых в них говорится:
Do you know that
1. the movement of food in the intestines of a healthy person may last from 12 to 72 hours; 2. milk products contain about 100 substances useful for men; 3. salt consists of two poisons, which are combined chemically in such a way that we can eat it; 4. the amount of gastric juice secreted in the stomach within 24 hours is 1.5-2 litres.
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CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
IX. Put questions to the words in bold type:
1. Pain intermittent in occurrence is known to be characteristic of gastric or duodenal, ulcers. 2. Under the influence of internal and external stimuli the brain cortex sends impulses to all the organs of the human body. 3. In the majority of cases acute pain in the abdominal cavity may be a clinical manifestation of perforated ulcer.
X. Define the part of speech of the words in bold type and translate them:
1. Numerous branches of small vessels branch off the coronary vessels. 2. Some students of our group have made a marked progress in English that is why their marks are much better now. 3. A bandage was put on the arm to bandage the damaged blood vessels. 4. The patient does not require any preparation to be treated with Adonis preparation. 5. At six sharp the patient felt a sharp pain in the heart area. 6. The treatment resulted in wonderfully good results. 7. Having returned home I took my temperature and noted its return to normal.
XI. Change the sentences using Complex Subject:
1. It is known that spring and autumn are those seasons when the patients with ulcer suffer from the recurrence of the disease. 2. It is considered that constant fatigue, the lesions of the nervous system and past diseases contribute to the onset of gastritis. 3. It appeared that the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease were haemorrhage, vomiting and nausea.
XII. Use a subordinate clause instead of Complex Subject:
1. Exacerbation of duodenal ulcers is known to occur in spring and autumn. 2. Renal and splenic infarctions are likely to occur in endocarditis. 3. Brain cortex stimuli are considered to send impulses to the stomach and duodenum.
XIII. Finishthe sentences according to Text A:
1. The corticovisceral theory of the pathogenesis of ulcer was a further development of.... 2. Male patients at the ages of 25 to 40 are known to suffer from ulcers more.... 3. At the onset of the disease the patients with ulcer complain of pain which is.... 4. According to corticovisceral theory it has been proved that gastric and duodenal ulcers are due to.... 5. It is known that an irregular diet as well as emotional overstrain may.... 6. In young patients the course of ulcer may have no.... 7. The scientists consider that the lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems lead to....
XIV. Answer the following questions:
1. What does salt consist of? 2. How much gastric juice is secreted in the stomach within 24 hours? 3. What substances do milk products contain? 4. How many hours may the movement of food in the intestines of a healthy person last?
XV. 1. Read Text B. 2. Name the factors contributing to the development of gastritis. 3. Say about what symptoms of gastritis you have learned from the text:
Text B. Chronic Gastritis
The term "chronic gastritis" must be limited to those cases in which evidences of inflammation or catarrhal changes in the stomach are clear.
Chronic gastritis is known to occur as a separate or primary disease or it may be associated with other diseases, particularly chronic liver and kidney disease. In these diseases chronic impairment of the mucous membrane of the stomach is an important factor in causing the catarrhal condition.
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The most important causes of chronic gastritis proved to be alcohol, inadequate food and a bad diet regimen.
The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis are an increased secretion of mucus and a diminished secretion of acid and pepsin. In severe forms of gastritis secretion is observed to be completely reduced and even absent due to the lesion of the mucus membrane.
The most frequent symptoms of chronic gastritis are loss of appetite, slight pain and general epigastric discomfort after meals. In severe cases nausea and vomiting of mucus, particularly in the morning, are often observed. Frequently the stomach becomes moderately enlarged.
The course of the disease is chronic and the symptoms are continuous. They may become worse from time to time if a sick person does not follow the diet regimen strictly.
LESSON 42
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Прочитайте следующие слова. Переведите их:
cancer fkaenss], carcinoma [,ka:si'n9um3], aetiology [,i:ti'Dl3d3i], tumour f'tjuima], epigastric [,epi'gaestnk], anaemia [э'пкггуэ]
П. Выучите следующие слова:
malignant [ma'lignant] а злокачественный
hot [htrt] а горячий, жаркий
suggest [safest] v наводить на мысль, предполагать; предлагать
support [sa'po:t] v поддерживать, подкреплять (доводы)
hereditary [hi'reditan] а наследственный
node [naud] n узел; нарост, утолщение
digestion [di'd3estfen] n пищеварение; усвоение (пищи)
bleeding ['bli:dirj] n кровотечение
remain [n'rnem] v оставаться
empty ['empti] а пустой
III. Распределите по графам следующие слова и словосочетания:
Название заболеваний
Название патологических симптомов
angina pectoris, perspiration, murmur, intermittent fever, benign and malignant tumours, occlusion, dullness, crepitation, fatigue, ulcer, haemorrhage, epigastric pain, carcinoma, loss of appetite and weight, pleurisy, anaemia, fibrillation, vomiting nausea
IV. Напишите слова, близкие по значению:
1. disturbance; 2. to radiate; 3. to result in; 4. a damage; 5. continuous; 6. influence; 7. fever; 8. constant; 9. mild; 10. acute; 11. internal; 12. adequate; 13. onset; 14. to dimmish; 15. ache; 16. to rise; 17. to involve; 18. carcinoma; 19. to nourish; 20. state; 21. bleeding; 22. to extend
V. Напишите слова противоположного значения:
1. gradually; 2. to increase; 3. to dimmish; 4. mild; 5. internal; 6. to be due to; 7. to follow; 8. onset; 9. base; 10. to accomplish; 11. to be admitted; 12. adult; 13. to decrease; 14. to disappear; 15. to divide; 16. dry; 17. exertion; 18. to rise; 19. to improve; 20. physical; 21. cold; 22. benign; 23. to leave; 24. to doubt
VI. * Найдите и переведите предложения со сложным дополнением и предложения со сложным подлежащим:
I. Academician A. N. Bakulev is considered to be the founder of a new branch of surgery - cardiosurgery. 2. The cardiologist expected the patient to undergo the heart operation if the therapeutic measures proved to be ineffective. 3. Hypothermia is known to be employed in cardiosurgery to enable the surgeon to correct small congenital or developed heart defects. 4. The evidence of gastric ulcer seemed to be confirmed by nausea and vomiting, though such a sign as intermittent fever was not characteristic of the disease. 5. The physician observed the patient's appetite have been gradually improving since the administration of the adequate preparation.
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VII. Переведите следующие предложения, используя сложное подлежащее (письменно):
1. Вероятно, у больного метастазы в печени вследствие рака желудка. 2. Было обнаружено, что у него язва желудка. 3. Оказалось, что больной был слишком слаб для такой операции.
VIII. 1. Прочитайте текст С. 2. Найдите а) предложения со сложным подлежащим и переведите их; б) в каждом предложении пятого абзаца - сказуемые. 3. Изложите основную мысль шестого абзаца в одном предложении. 4. Составьте пять вопросов по второму абзацу текста:
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