Text E. Intestinal Tumours

Many forms of tumours are known to occur in the intestines, but we shall limit our attention to the commonest, which is cancer. It generally leads to chronic intestinal obstruction and its accompanying symptoms. In addition there are usual symptoms of cancerous invasion - loss of weight and strength, progres­sive anaemia and pain of varying degree depending of the part affected. Any portion of the intestines is likely to be affected by carcinoma, but the usual areas are the upper part of the colon, the sigmoid and the rectum. In the latter situation the obstruction may be felt on rectal examination. In cancer of the colon and sigmoid a tumour is usually well palpable, the esophagus above the tumour is often thickened and spastic and peristaltic waves may be seen passing in the direction of the obstruction.

V. Выучите следующие слова и переведите предложения, в которых они употреблены:

retention [n'tenjn] n задержка. The retention of urine is one of the clini­cal manifestations of a kidney disease.

stool [stu:l] и стул, испражнение. The laboratory analysis of the stool failed to reveal any blood.

tenderness ['tendanis] n болезненность. The patient complained of a mod­erate tenderness on palpation.

remove [ri'murv] v удалять, устранять. The surgeon removed the tumour which had involved the stomach.

VI. Переведитеследующие предложения, используя или сложное подлежащее или сложное дополнение (письменно):

1. Известно, что прободная язва двенадцатиперстной кишки часто со­провождается обильным кровотечением. 2. Хирург заметил, что при паль­пации болезненность в надчревной области распространяется вниз. 3. Счи­тается, что задержка мочи является одним из клинических проявлений болезни почек. 4. Оказывается, что перемежающаяся лихорадка отмеча­ется в большинстве случаев туберкулеза. 5. Студенты наблюдали, как ото­ларинголог удаляет инородное тело из горла.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

VII. a) Give the words of the close meaning:

to affect, to cause, to decrease, acute, slight, damage, to rise, to perforate, to spread, to enlarge, permanent

b) Give the words of the opposite meaning:

onset, gradually, fat, exertion, to precede, internal, malignant, moist, fre­quent, to improve, to result in

VIII. Supply one of known to you words of the same root. Make up sentences using them:

appear, tender, danger, occur, digest, bleed

IX. Explain the following terms:

hypothermia, fibrillation, leucocytosis, a causative agent, anaemia, malaise, pathogenesis, aetiology

X. Translate into Russian:

1. The surgeon did not doubt that he could perform this operation under local anaesthesia. 2. Gangrenous forms of appendicitis are dangerous to life because they may result in peritonitis. 3. The retention of stool may be due to the inflammatory process in the appendix. 4. During the operation the upper lobe of the lung was removed since a malignant tumour had been revealed there. 5. After the attack of acute appendicitis had been controlled the patient com­plained of a moderate tenderness on palpation.

XI. 1. Read and translate Text F. 2. Put questions to the text. 3. Retell it:

Text F. Acute Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is known to occur in all age groups. Its incidence varies in different sex groups; it is more frequent in women from 20 to 40 years of age. Cases of appendicitis have been noted to occur even in infants and in very old age.

Acute appendicitis is known to begin suddenly with sharp pain which is at first felt in epigastrium but then becomes generalized in the abdomen. The pain becomes worse on deep breathing in and coughing, it does not radiate and is accompanied by nausea, retention of stools and gases.¹'

The temperature is normal or subfebrile and there is moderate leucocytosis. The ESR is initially normal. With the development of the disease temperature el­evation is observed and ESR becomes increased. The pulse is quick but it is found to be not more than 90-100 beats per minute. The tongue is coated and dry.

The attack of acute appendicitis is known to last for 3-4 days. Then the temperature returns to normal, abdominal pains decrease and only a moderate tenderness is felt in the right lower part of the abdomen on palpation.

Acute appendicitis is treated surgically. The operation is performed both under general and under local anaesthesia.

The appendix is removed immediately to prevent its rupture which may result in peritonitis. Such forms of appendicitis as gangrenous and perforating are particularly dangerous to life. But sometimes even a mild form of appendi­citis may take a severe course and to result in perforation.

UNIT 4. THE DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND BILE DUCTS

Грамматика: Самостоятельный причастный оборот.

LESSON 44

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I. Прочитайте предложения, ответьте на вопросы и выполните задания:

а) Suffering from a severe pain I called in a doctor.

б) My friend suffering from a severe pain, I called in a doctor.

1.* Найдите общее подлежащее в предложениях. 2.* Найдите сказуемое в предложениях. 3.* Какой неличной формой глагола является слово suf-

211fering в предложениях? 4.* Какую синтаксическую функцию выполняет слово suffering в предложениях? 5.* Переведите предложение (а) и скажите, кто страдал от сильной боли и кто вызвал врача. 6.* Кто страдал от сильной боли и вызвал врача в предложении (б)? 7. Следовательно, чем могут слу­жить слова my friend по отношению к причастию suffering, и как надо перевести причастие? (см. с. 276)

П.* Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот. Предложения переведите:

1. The abdominal incision having been made and the stomach opened, the ulcer was found to involve the posterior wall of the stomach. 2. There being profuse external haemorrhage, the patient was immediately taken to the hospi­tal. 3. The digestion being considerably impaired, the patient constantly com­plained of epigastric pains. '

III.* Укажите, что опущено в самостоятельных причастных оборо­тах. Переведите предложения:

1. The patient's condition better, he was allowed to sit up. 2. The procedure over, the nurse left the ward. 3. The surgeon out, I could not talk to him. 4. The retention of stool noted, the patient was administered a light diet.

IV.* Определите форму причастия в самостоятельном причастном обороте и время глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения:

1. The patient being admitted to the hospital, the doctor on duty examined him in the reception ward. 2. The female having been hospitalized, the general­ized abdominal pain was controlled in three hours. 3. Generalized abdominal pain having increased, the doctor asked the nurse to give the patient another injection.

V.* Найдите самостоятельный причастный оборот. Определите в нем слово, играющее роль подлежащего:

1. The majority of the patients with hepatitis were between the ages of 41 and 55 years, the highest incidence of the disease being between 46 and 50 years. 2. Of the total number of the patients forty-eight have been relieved of digestive symptoms, four having died of other pathologic conditions. 3. Three patients have had symptoms of recurrence, one having died of a gastro-intesti-nal bleeding.

VI. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: hepatitis [,hepa'tajtis], viral ['vaiarel], infective [m'fektiv] инфекционный, гепатит {воспаление печени), вирусный

VII. Выучите следующие слова: hepatic [hi'pastik] а печеночный bile [bail] n жёлчь

duct [dAkt] n проток

jaundice ['d33:ndisj n желтуха, желтушность

advance [ad'vams] v выдвигать (теорию, идею); продвигаться вперед effort ['efst] n усилие elderly f'eldah] а пожилой

survive [sa'varv] v выживать, остаться в живых, уцелеть; перенести (опе­рацию)

source [so:s] n источник entire [m'taia] а весь, целый subsequent ['sAbsikwant] а последующий simultaneous ^simal'teinjas] а одновременный

VIII. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. jaundice ['d3o:ndis]: severe jaundice, to suffer from severe jaundice, jaundice was clearly marked

2. survive [sa'vaiv]: to survive an injury, the patient survived the operation well, some viruses survive at a high temperature

3. source [so:sj: a source of infection, a source of knowledge, the source of virus is a sick person

4. inadequately [m'a;dikwitli]: inadequate, the patient was given an inad­equate dose of medicine, inadequately treated

5. subsequently ['sAbsikwantli]: subsequent, subsequent examination, to invade other organs subsequently

6. simultaneously t^imal'teinjasli]: simultaneous, simultaneous impairment, to be impaired simultaneously

IX. 1. Прочитайте текст А. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения а) с самостоятельным причастным оборотом; б) с причастным оборотом; в) с усилительным оборотом 'it is... that'. 3. Переведите текст:

 

 

Text A. Botkin's Disease

Botkin's disease, or the so-called epidemic or infectious hepatitis, is an acute viral disease affecting hepatic cells and bile ducts.

The prominent German scientist Virchow believing it to be due to obstruc­tion of the common bile duct with mucus during inflammatory processes in the duodenum, the disease was called catarrhal jaundice.But in 1880 the prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin having advanced the idea of an infectious origin of this disease, proved his suggestions by such facts as the involvement in this pathologic process not only of the liver but also of the nervous system, the kidneys, the enlargement of the spleen, etc.

But it was not before 1940 that the term "Botkin's disease" was introduced into medicine due to the efforts of the well-known Soviet physician M. Konchalovsky.

Botkin's disease occurs in epidemic form. This disease more commonly affects children, adults as well as elderly persons suffering from it frequently too.

Botkin's disease is known to be due to a filterable virus present in the blood, liver and found in stool and urine. The virus is infective only for man. As this virus cannot be seen under a usual microscope, it is revealed only by an elec­tronic one. Being highly virulent the virus survives in water, food, and on hands for days and weeks.

 

X. Выпишите из текста А эквиваленты следующих словосочета­ний:

1. закупорка общего желчного протока; 2. благодаря усилиям; 3. атак-же пожилые люди; 4. печеночные клетки; 5. выживают в воде и пище; 6. уве­личение селезенки; 7. острое вирусное заболевание; 8. воспалительный процесс

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

XI. Translate the following words with the same root:

obstruction, obstruct, obstructive; survive, survival, survivor; suggest, sug­gestive, suggestion; contribute, contribution, contributory, contributor

XII. Give the words of the close meaning:

to put forward, origin, whole, at the same time, to stay alive, in a wrong way, some time later, rather old, quite easily

XIII. Choose the sentences with Absolute Participle Construction:

1. Gastric and duodenal ulcers having been proved to result from distur­bances in the central nervous system, the corticovisceral theory of the pathogen-esis of ulcer was developed. 2. Being followed by erosion of the affected area of the stomach, spastic contractions of vessels result in trophic disturbances of this organ. 3. The patient having survived the operation well, the danger of peritoni­tis was eliminated.

XIV. Define the functions of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences:

1. The prominent Russian scientist S. Botkin was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. 2. The patient was known to have been operated on for gangrenous appendicitis a year before his admis­sion to this hospital. 3. The physician did not expect the tissues of the spleen and gallbladder to become involved simultaneously with the liver. 4. The patient had to follow a strict diet to prevent the recurrence of the bile duct obstruction and jaundice.

XV. Read the words and translate the sentences:

1. incubation [^nkju'beifn]: Incubation period is the time during which pathogenic microorganisms grow in the body.

2. prodromal ['prr)dre(u)m(3)l]: Prodromal period is the time when the characteristic symptoms of an infectious disease have not appeared yet, but the patient feels a general malaise.

3. parenterally [pa'rentareh]: All intramuscular and intravenous injections are given parenterally, i.e. directly inte the organism but not orally.

4. serum ['siaram]: Serum is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated.

XVI. Answer the following questions:

1. What do pathogenic microorganisms do in the human body during the pe­riod of incubation? 2. During what period of an infectious disease haven't its char­acteristic symptoms appeared yet? 3. What does the term "parenterally" mean? 4. What is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated called?

XVII. 1. Read Text B. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say how infection spreads in this disease. 4. Put ten questions to cover all the text:

Text В

In hepatitis the source of virus is a sick person who may spread the infec­tion by personal contact from the last days of the incubation period during the entire course of the disease. But the infection is particularly virulent in the pro­dromal period and in the first week of the disease. The patient's blood being highly infective, even a small dose of 0.1 ml may be dangerous for a person.

In case of Virus A hepatitis infection enters the body through the mouth when eating infected food or drinking water. In case of Virus В hepatitis infec­tion enters parenterally during transfusions of blood, plasma and serum, pro­phylactic vaccinations or is due to inadecuately sterilized instruments.

Epidemic (Virus A) hepatitis most commonly occurs late in autumn, early in winter, or in spring. The incubation period lasts from 14 days to 50 days, but in Virus В hepatitis it is from 2 to 6-8 months.

Botkin's disease causes inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts due to which bile enters the lymph flow and subsequently the blood. The tissues of the spleen, gallbladder and the nervous and endocrine systems become involved simultaneously with the liver.

LESSON 45

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