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Text G. Prof. Lesgaft's Scientific Research
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Professor P.F. Lesgaft was born in 1837. He was a prominent Russian anatomist and a talented teacher. He was the first scientist in our country to work out the science of physical culture. He studied at the Medical Academy. After he graduated from the Academy he worked for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. This degree was given to him in 1865 and in 1868 he received the Degree of Doctor of Surgery. Then he worked as the Professor of Anatomy at Kazan University. In 1886 he began to deliver lectures in Anatomy in Petersburg.
About 130 scientific works were written by Prof. Lesgaft. Many of them were translated into foreign languages. One of his main works was the book called The Basis of Theoretical Anatomy.
In one of his works which was written in 1892 Prof. Lesgaft divided the muscles into two basic groups — static and dynamic [dai'naemik]. In his work they were called strong, and skilled (ловкие). He determined that the static muscles were connected with large surfaces of the bones far from the point of their origin; they were formed by short bands of muscular fibers; the dynamic muscles were composed of the bands of long muscular fibers.
His studies on static and dynamic muscles were continued by Professor ' A.K. Koveshnikova, who received many interesting findings. In 1954 it was determined by her experiments on animals that static and dynamic muscles were different in the number of nerve fibers and the form of nerve endings.
* Закончите предложения, выбрав необходимые по смыслу варианты:,
1. Lesgaft was a prominent researcher who... (a) studied the structure of the human bones; 6) worked out the science of physical culture; в) was born in the 20th century) 2. Static muscles are... (a) formed by long bands of muscular fibers; 6) the muscles which have a large amplitude of motion; в) connected with large surfaces of the bones) 3. The wide muscle form... (a) the walls of the body cavities; 6) the free parts of the extremities; в) the main parts of the trunk)
Поставьте предложения в Past Indefinite Passive (письменно):
1. On Friday^rof. Smirnov delivered a lecture on the structure of the muscles. 2. During the operation the surgeon introduced an artificial metal
joint. 3. Many scientists studied the tissues, blood vessels and nerves of the muscles.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время глаголов:
1. In the first term medical students are taught basic theoretical subjects. 2. The chest is divided by the breastbone into two parts on each side of which there are seven ribs. 3. Two basic groups of muscles — static and dynamic—were established by Prof. Lesgaft. 4. The name of the great Russian surgeon Pirogov is known not only in our country but in all foreign countries.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
Read and transla^ the words with the same root:
to connect, connective, connection; to contract, contractive, contraction, clinical, clinically, clinic; to direct, directly, directive, direction; attentive, attentively, attention; to act, act, active, actively, action, activist, activity
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Answer the following questions:
1. Does the pulse become rapid or slow when one is running? 2. Does the patient gain or lose weight if he is seriously ill? 3. Do you take examinations at the beginning or at the end of the term? 4. Is the students' hostel near or far from the main building of the Institute? 5. Does the man become weak or strong if he goes in for sports?
Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
1. The number of the vertebrae which form the coccyx may be from one to five. 2. In the human body the skeletal muscles number 600. 3. A number of interesting findings was found out experimentally. 4. The muscles of the human body are different in their form. 5. A number of muscular fibers form a band.
Read the statements and answer the question given below:
1. My friend is greatly excited because his son has the disease of the coxofemoral joints. The boy cannot walk and must be in bed.
2. My friend's daughter is on her holidays now. She is going to visit Leningrad. She will go to museums, theatres and see many new films. She is excited but feels happy.
Who must restore the health — my friend's son or my friend's daughter?
ХП. Finish the sentences choosing the necessary word combination from those given below:
1. The patient was ill for a long time and.... 2. About 40% of the body weight.... 3. The oblique muscle is called so.... 4. The muscles are active agents of.... 5. The static muscles are connected with....
motion and contraction, according to its direction, his weight changed greatly, large surfaces of the bones, is formed by the muscles
Х1П. Translate the following paying attention to the Infinitives:
1. My father went to the sanatorium to restore the condition of his health.
2. Amosov is one of the scientists to perform numerous operations on the heart.
3. Students must often go to the dissecting room to study the structure of different organs. 4. This is the article to be carefully read by me to get prepared for my report.
XIV. Put in the Future tense the following sentences:
1. Important findings were determined by this experiment. 2. Different methods of research were used in this laboratory. 3. This scientific article was divided into three basic parts.
XV. State the difference between the predicates in the pairs of sentences:
1. The health of the patient is restored. The health of the patient was restored rapidly. 2. New methods of medical examination are introduced in many hospitals. New methods of restoring diseased joints were introduced by Dr. Sivash.
XVI. Translate the following sentences:
1. Лектор сказал студентам, что мышечные волокна соединяются соединительной тканью. 2. Мы знали, что исследователь изучает функции широких мышц. 3. Врач считал, что этому больному нужен полный покой.
4. Мы узнали, что мышцы делятся на мышцы туловища, головы и конечностей.
XVII. Give extended answers:
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1. What can you tell us about Prof. Lesgaft? 2 What was determined by Prof. Lesgaft in his research works on muscles? 3. What did Prof. Koveshnikova determine by her scientific work on muscles?
XVIII. Read Text H. Find the passages corresponding to the items of the plan:
1. The treatment of the patient with the paralysis of leg muscles. 2. The use of plastics in medicine.
In 1966 a very interesting operation was performed by the surgeons of Moscow Traumatology ['tro:m3'tol3d3i] Institute.
The patient was an 18-year-old girl. She had the paralysis of the leg muscles. The patient was examined by the surgeons and then the operation was performed.
During the operation the muscles from her back and abdomen were transplanted to the thigh. These transplanted muscles were connected together by bands of special plastic — lavsan.
It is not the first time that plastics were used to restore health. For example, lavsan bands were also used if the patient had some defects in the spinal column. Special threads (нити) were introduced into the diseased spinal column and the surgeons could examine the condition of the patient by X-rays.
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