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Text F. The Discovery of Cholera Bacterium
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In 1883 Koch went to Egypt to study cholera. At that time there was a widespread epidemic of cholera in Egypt.
Nobody knew the origin of this disease, there were not any protective measures against it.
The disease spread very rapidly from one place to another and thousands of healthy people died. But sometimes some people who were in a constant contact with the diseased person did not catch cholera.
As soon as Koch came to Alexandria he and his two assistants Gaffcky and Fisher began their investigations. In the blood, kidneys, spleen, liver and lungs of the people who died of cholera Koch found many microorganisms but all of them were not the agents of cholera. However in the walls of the intestines and in stools Koch always found a microorganism which looked like a comma. Many times Koch tried to grow this bacterium on gelatin but he failed to do it. Many times Koch inoculated (прививал) this bacterium to the experimental animals, but none became ill with cholera. As the epidemic of cholera became less in Egypt, Koch went to India to continue his investigations there. In Kalcutta Koch often walked along its muddy (грязный) streets, where the poor lived. Once Koch saw some muddy water on the ground near a small house.
Koch looked into that water and he thought he saw there those "commas". He took some of this water, analysed it under the microscope many times and found there the same bacteria which he had so many times revealed in the people with cholera. Koch also established that animals could not catch this disease. The source [so:s] of the disease was the water, which people drank.
CYCLE V. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
UNIT 1. POLYCLINICS
Словообразование: Суффикс -less.
Грамматика: Послелоги. Употребление Present вместо Future. Времена группы Continuous Passive. Парные союзы: both... and, either... or, neither... nor.
LESSON 27
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола-сказуемого в придаточных предложениях. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. If you come to me we shall study Anatomy.
Если вы придете ко мне, мы будем заниматься анатомией.
2. As soon as the patient is admitted to the hospital the doctor will examine him.
Как только больной поступит в больницу, врач обследует его.
3. Before the surgeon performs the operation he will have to observe the patient's condition for some days.
До того как хирург сделает операцию, он должен будет наблюдать за состоянием больного несколько дней.
I. * Определите виды придаточных предложений. 2* Определите время глагола-сказуемого в английских: а) главных, б) придаточных предложениях. 3.* В каком времени стоит глагол-сказуемое в соответствующих русских а) придаточных, б) главных предложениях? 4. Какой вывод вы можете сделать из сопоставления русских и английских предложений?
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II. Переведите следующие предложения:
1. If the red blood cell count decreases the patient will require additional treatment. 2. The development of cortical inhibition will begin after the experimental animal is given the proper drug. 3. The infant will be fed artificially until the mother's health is restored.
III. Переведите со словарем предложения, обращая внимание на перевод слова 'look' и его сочетаний с 'after' и 'for':
1. We looked but saw nothing. 2. The nurse looked after the patients carefully. 3.1 looked for the Anatomical Atlas but could not find it. Что изменяет значение глагола?
IV. Выпишите и переведите значения следующих глаголов с послелогами:
1. to give in, to give up, to give away; 2. to get up, to get down, to get in, to get off
V. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Переведите их:
polyclinic [,poli'klinik], neurologist [njua'robdsist], urine ['juarin], urinalysis [juav 'naelisis], regimen ['red3imen], test [test], diagnosis [.daia 'gnousis]
VI. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
institution [,insti'tju:Jn] и учреждение
ring up (rang up, rung up) v звонить, вызвать по телефону
call [ко:1] п вызов; call in v вызывать (врача)
physician [fi'zi/n] п врач
complain [kam'plein] v жаловаться (на) (of)
complaint [kam'pleint] я жалоба
correct [ka'rekt] а правильный; v исправлять, поправлять administer [ad'minista] v назначать; давать (лекарство) consult [kan'sAlt] v обращаться (к врачу); consulting hours приемные часы; consulting room кабинет врача
reception [n'sep/n] n прием; получение; принятие
serious ['sianas] а серьезный; вызывающий опасение (о болезни)
sick [sik] а, п больной
sick-leave больничный лист; to be on a sick-leave находиться на больничном листе
definite ['definit] а определенный, точный
chart [tjixt] п таблица, график, диаграмма, схема, карта; temperature chart температурный лист
patient's card карточка больного fill in v заполнять; вписывать, вносить
VII. Переведите следующие однокоренные слова:
locate, local, locality, localize, localized, location; person, personal, personality, personally, impersonal; administer, administered, administration, administrative; correct, corrected, correction, corrective, correctly, incorrect, incorrectly
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VIII. * Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
1. My brother looks ill because he has been ill since the beginning of the spring. He fell ill with the grippe on the first of March. 2. Yesterday a call from a patient who lives in Lenin street came to our polyclinic. The patient called in a doctor because he had pain in the chest. The therapeutist made the diagnosis of pneumonia. This disease is called pneumonia because its name takes the origin from the Greek term 'pneumoni'.
IX. * Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав нужный вариант окончания:
1. A therapeutist is... (a) a person who treats the diseases of the inner organs; 6) a person who investigates the life of microorganisms) 2. A neurologist is... (a) a physician who treats ear, nose and throat diseases; 6) a physician who treats the diseases of the nervous system) 3. A physician is... (a) a person who protects and restores the health of people; 6) a person who investigates the life of plants)
X. Переведите придаточные предложения (письменно):
1. You will receive a sick-leave... (а) если у вас будет высокая температура; б) когда врач поставит диагноз серьезного заболевания) 2. The nurse will give you the injections of antibiotics... (а) после того, как врач назначит их; б) до тех пор, пока процесс инфекции не будет купирован)
XI. 1. Прочтите текст А. 2. Найдите предложения, в которых настоящее время употреблено вместо будущего и переведите их. 3. Выпишите и переведите: а) глаголы с послелогами; б) эквиваленты:
вызвать врача, поставить правильный диагноз, назначить соответствующее лечение, получить больничный лист, сделать инъекцию, измерить температуру, пойти на вызов
4. Напишите три основные формы неправильных глаголов, встречающихся в тексте:
The Soviet State has established a wide network (сеть) of medical institutions to protect the health of our people. One of such medical institutions is the polyclinic.
If a person falls ill he will ring up his local polyclinic and call in a doctor. When his condition isn't very poor and he has no high temperature he will go to the local polyclinic and a physician will examine him there.
Many specialists including therapeutists, neurologists, surgeons and others work at the polyclinic. During the medical examination a physician usually asks the patient what he complains of and according to the complaints carries on the medical examination. The physician listens to the patient's heart and lungs and measures his blood pressure and if necessary asks the patient to take the temperature. The laboratory findings which include blood analysis, the analysis of urine (urinalysis) and other tests help the physician to make a correct diagnosis and administer a proper treatment.
In addition to their consulting hours at the polyclinic local physicians go out to the calls to examine those patients who are seriously ill and whose condition is bad. Such sick persons receive a sick-leave. They usually follow a bed regimen.
Any physician of the polyclinic knows his patients very well because he treats only a definite number of patients. At the local polyclinic every patient has a personal patient's card which is filled in by his physician. Everything about the patient—the diagnosis of the disease, the administrations made by the doctor, the course of the disease, the changes in the patient's condition after the treatment are written down in the card.
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If it is necessary a nurse will come to the patient's house to give him the administered injections or carry out any of the doctor's administrations.
All Soviet people receive medical treatment free of charge.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
XII. Read the passages and answer the questions:
1. Patient Smirnov caught a cold and had a very high temperature. He complained of a general weakness and a bad headache. He was not able even to sit up. He was seriously ill.
2. Patient Belov looked ill and was pale. He had no high temperature. His appetite was poor. He complained of the pain in the left portion of the stomach. Кто из них сможет прийти в поликлинику сам?
1. When my younger brother was play ag in the garden he fell down. He impaired his right upper extremity. There was a deep wound on the lateral surface. He developed a bad pain in the joints and could not move his hand.
2. My father complained of a bad pain in the left side in the chest. He breathed heavily and became pale. The increase of the chest pain was associated with physical exertion. He had to follow a bed regimen. Кого из этих больных должен обследовать терапевт?
XIII. Supply the necessary postpositions:
1. The nurse filled... the patient's card when she took my temperature. 2. We have called... a physician as my sister's condition became considerably worse. 3. The significance of oxygen for the development of aerobic microorganisms has been found... by the microbiologists. 4. The prominent Russian physiologist Pavlov carried... many experiments to determine the nature of conditioned reflexes.
XIV. Choose and translate those sentences in which the tense of the verb of the English subordinate clause does not correspond to that of the Russian translation:
1. The blood supply of the diseased lung will be restored as soon as the consolidation in it disappears. 2. The coagulation of the blood will be associated with the properties of the medicine which the patient will be administered. 3. The specific features of phagocytes willfce destroyed if the environment becomes unfavourable.
XV. Translate the following sentences:
1. Как только будет готов анализ желудочного сока, больному назначат соответствующую диету. 2. Лечение будет продолжено до тех пор, пока не будут получены положительные результаты. 3. Больному разрешат сидеть, если частота сердцебиения станет нормальной.
XVI. Translate the following sentences:
1. The doctor asked the nurse to give him the patient's card. 2. You must give up smoking, you have a lung trouble. 3.1 had to give in because I was not right.
XVII. Answer the questions according to the model:
What does a patient complain of if something is wrong with his ear?
If something is wrong with his ear a patient complains of an earache.
What does a patient complain of if something is wrong with his stomach? lungs? heart? liver? kidneys?
LESSON 28
I. Выполните следующие задания и ответьте на вопросы:
I. Дайте формулу страдательного залога. 2. Какую формулу вы получите, если поставите вспомогательный глагол to be из этой формулы в Continuous? 3. К какому залогу и к какой группе времен вы отнесете эту формулу, если глагол to be будет в Continuous? 4. Употребите глагол to examine по этой формуле и скажите, что изменяется в ней по временам, лицам и числам. 5. Как образуются отрицательная и вопросительная формы?
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II. Переведите следующие предложения, определив время глагола- сказуемого:
1. Now the total number of platelets in the blood of the patient is being counted by the laboratory worker. 2. The exact amount of salt was being determined during the experiment, which we were carrying on yesterday at 10 o'clock. 3. We can clearly observe that a favourable effect is being produced on the patient's condition by the administration of these drugs.
III. * Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова to follow':
1. Now my father is following a bed regimen because he has a bad heart disease. 2. In this female a bad heart disease was followed by dyspnea. 3. Following the administration of this drug the normal heartbeting developed in the patient. 4. The high intracranial pressure followed by constant headaches may be one of the symptoms of intracranial growth.
IV. Выучите парные союзы. Предложения переведите:
1. The patient complained both of a high temperature and of the pain in the chest. 2. Both the therapeutist and the surgeon have come to the conclusion to treat the patient at home. 3. You must investigate either the blood gases or the corpuscular elements of the blood. 4. The therapeutist did not administer him either a bed regimen or a diet. 5. The physician revealed neither the increased respiratory rate nor the increased pulse rate.
V. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
cough [kof] п кашель; v кашлять; cough mixture микстура от кашля
moist [moist] а влажный
rale [red] n хрип (в легких) acute [a'kjurt] а острый
cold [kould] n простуда; to catch a cold простудиться accumulate [a'kjuimjuleit] о накапливать(ся); собирать(ся) light [lait] а легкий; светлый orally ['э:гэ11] adv внутрь; через рот
VI. Переведите следующие словосочетания (письменно):
1. влажный климат, влажный воздух, влажная (окружающая) среда, влажные руки; 2. влажные хрипы, сухие хрипы, обнаружить хрипы в легких, слышать влажные хрипы в легких; 3. сухой кашель, принимать микстуру от кашля, сильно кашлять
VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
1. What is the time now? 2. My father visited Moscow many times. 3. We have classes in Physiology three times a week. 4. What time do you have lectures in Microbiology?
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
VIII. Read and memorize the following words:
bronchitis [broq'kaitis], catarrh [ka'ta;], discomfort [dis'Lunfat], bronchial ['brorjkjal], diet, recommend, tablets, symptom ['simptam], procedure [pra'si:d33], abnormal
IX. Supply conjunctions 'both... and'. Translate the following sentences:
1. Experienced therapeutists and neurologists work at this polyclinic. 2. At the polyclinic consulting hours may be in the morning and in the evening. 3. The nurse fills in temperature charts and gives injections.
X. Translate the following sentences:
1. The patient was in such a poor condition that he could neither sit up nor move. 2. This patient with pneumonia will be administered either streptomycin or penicillin injections. 3. The growth was revealed neither in the lungs nor in the mediastinum. 4. You may take this medicine either before or after meals.
XI. Choose the sentences with the predicate in Continuous Passive:
1. No changes are being observed in the patient's condition now. 2. The blood was dropping from the wound slowly. 3. The functions of the left lower extremity were being restored rapidly during the treatment of the patient at the clinic. 4. At the end of October this female visited the clinic complaining of a bad pain in the heart.
XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of the Active and Passive Continuous Tenses:
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1. Сейчас врач лечит этого больного по поводу острого бронхита. Сейчас этот больной лечится по поводу острого бронхита. 2. Сестра заполняла температурные листы больных в 8 часов утра. Температурные листы больных заполнялись сестрой в 8 часов утра. 3. Сейчас врач Смирнов проводит медицинское обследование в своем кабинете. Сейчас медицинское обследование проводится врачом Смирновым в кабинете № 2.
ХШ. 1. Read Text В. 2. Make the plan. 3. Describe the main symptoms of bronchitis. 4. Find and translate the sentences with: a) pairs of correlative conjunctions; b) Continuous Passive:
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