Pressing problems of the modern world
Стр 1 из 7Следующая ⇒ INTRODUCTION Написание эссе является одним из самых непростых задании, с которыми сталкиваются учащиеся на различных олимпиадах, конкурсах и экзаменах по английскому языку, включая W). Сложность заключается в том, что при написании сочинения от студентов требуется не только грамматически правильное изложение мыслей, но также владение информацией по заданной тематике, способность к логическому мышлению, структурная организация мыслей, а также использование богатой лексики. Иными словами, эссе помогает наиболее точно выявить языковой уровень студента. Однако v любой самой запутанной проблемы есть простое решение. Данное пособие предлагает изучить «шаблонный» метод написании сочинений, который поможет учащимся в сжатые временные рамки справиться с задачей и максимально проявить себя. В данном пособии мы рассмотрим один из самых распространенных видов сочинений — эссе с элементами рассуждения (Opinion Essay). Итак, любое сочинение состоит из трех частей: введения, основной части и заключения. Рассмотрим каждую из них в порядке очередности. Введение Введение — это первый абзац, в котором должна быть сформулирована проблема, основная идея сочинения и выражена ваша собственная точка зрения по поставленной проблематике. Важно помнить, что введение не должно состоять из одного предложения и быть перегружено речевыми оборотами. Для эмоциональной окраски содержания можно поставить риторический вопрос или вспомнить цитату, которая укажет на высокий уровень владения английским языком. Следует отметить, что многих студентов сбивает с толку сама формулировка проблемы, хотя в действительности требуется лишь перефразировать заданную тему сочинения, используя подходящие синонимы. Приведём пример:
Some people prefer to live in a private house, while others tend to choose living in a flat. = Nowadays lots of people face a difficult problem when they buy their own home. / People always hesitate when they are faced with the choice of buying their own home. The issue is whether they should buy a flat or a private house. Кроме того, учитывая ограниченное количество времени, отведенное на написание эссе, и условия стресса, в которые попадает студент на экзамене, можно упростить задачу и использовать универсальные вводные предложения, такие как: (1) There is по doubt that... is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. (2) One issue that has caused lots of controversy over the years is... Справившись с этой задачей, следует перейти к освещению своего мнения по заданной проблематике. Ниже мы приведем список наиболее используемых клише, которые помогут студентам сформулировать мысль:
Основная часть
В данной части необходимо отразить наше собственное отношение к проблеме, привести два-три аргумента в пользу вашего подхода и рассмотреть противоположную точку зрения. Основную часть следует разбить на абзацы, каждый из которых должен быть подкреплен доказательствами, примерами из жизни, мнением экспертов и т.д. Запомните, чем более веские аргументы вы приведете, тем больше шансов убедить экзаменатора в правоте ваших суждений. Следует также отметить, что предложения должны быть короткими, yо емкими по смысловой нагрузке. Приветствуется использование безличных и неопределенно-личных предложений, но строго запрещается использование сокращений, таких как: I’m, can’t, don’t. Итак, второй смысловой абзац рекомендуется начинать с освещения своей точки зрения по указанной проблематике и приведения двух-трех аргументов в ее пользу. Используйте вводные слова и выражения для построения логической цепочки ваших доказательств. При этом не забывайте, что аргументы не должны противоречить друг другу. В третьем абзаце приведите противоположные точки зрения и аргументируйте, почему вы с ними не согласны. Приведем пример: However, there are people who consider that stray animals must be put down. Personally I strongly object to this statement. In my judgment, it is cruel because nobody has a right to take life from any living being.
Ключевые предложения:
Заключение В заключительной части следует еще раз выразить свое мнение по выдвинутому вопросу. Постарайтесь сформулировать ту же самую мысль, что и во введении, только другими словами. В конце можно поставить риторический вопрос, чтобы дать возможность читателю еще раз задуматься и проанализировать суть проблемы. Следует отметить, что одним из важнейших критериев оценки является фиксированный объем сочинения. важнейших критериев оценки является фиксированный объем сочинения. Так, к примеру, требуемый объем для развернутого ответа на ЕГЭ составляет 200—250 слов (минимум 180, максимум 275 слов).
Выводы:
Помните, эссе — это ваша визитная карточка, которая непременно откроет перед вами двери в любое учебное заведение.
Good luck with your exams! PRESSING PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN WORLD Sample Essays • Some people think that smoking should be banned in public places. What is your opinion? Do you agree with the statement? One issue that has caused lots of controversy over the years is a ban on smoking in public places. Since cigarette smoke is very harmful to people’s health, it is not humane to expose nonsmokers to second-hand smoke without their consent. However, there are people who still ignore this rule. In this essay I intend to show the importance of banning smoking in public places. To begin with, every person has a right to safety. That is why it is not only hazardous but even illegal to make non-smokers inhale this dangerous second-hand smoke. Furthermore, it is common knowledge that smoking causes lots of diseases such as cancer, asthma, emphysema and many others. Thereby, I believe that the ban on smoking can make people think about their health. Nevertheless, some people think that smoking bans significantly infringe on the legitimate rights of smokers. The problem is that many public places, such as restaurants, bars and airplanes become unsuitable for smokers. But on the other hand, smokers can always go outside or light up in a smoking area. Moreover, this inconvenience can in the long run help people to reduce their cigarettes intake. All in all, I still strongly believe that smoking should be banned in all isolated public places such as airports, workplaces, restaurants and bars. So, it is up to you whether to smoke or not, but it is unfair to make other people suffer from second-hand smoke and its negative effects. (242 words) • Some people spend too much money on their pets while lots of stray animals need a shelter. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? There is no doubt that the problem of stray animals is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. My personal view is that all people must take care not only of their pets but do their best to improve the quality of life and welfare for homeless animals. The first thing that needs to be said is that people should not remain indifferent to this problem. On the contrary, if all of us join our efforts we can change the world for the better. First of all, people can focus on saving money instead of spending too much for their pets. Secondly, it is common knowledge that lots of animals live outdoors, starve and freeze to death. That is why we must direct our efforts to creating shelters for them. Furthermore, it is necessary to mention about the problem of animal overpopulation. In my opinion, people should create action groups of volunteers who direct their attention to the spaying and neutering program. However, there are people who consider that stray animals must be put down. According to their opinion, stray animals constitute a real threat to people since they are sick and contagious. Personally, I think it is cruel because nobody has a right to take life from any living being. Instead of killing sick animals it is better to cure them and find a shelter. In conclusion, the problem of stray animals is still urgent. All in all, I strongly believe that people should be more human and show concern about all poor homeless creatures. (259 words) • Some people think that euthanasia should be legalized. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? There is no doubt that the problem of euthanasia is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. It should be noted that countries with the official legitimation of this procedure such as Belgium and the Netherlands are rather the exception, than the rule. The question is should euthanasia be legalized?
Personally, I think that from a religious point of view, euthanasia or assisted suicide is a real murder. Nobody has a right to take life from any human being. Another thing that should be» mentioned is that medicine does not stand still. For instance, some fatal diseases of the past, such as tuberculosis or cholera are now treatable. Moreover, euthanasia can indirectly lead to the increase in numbers of deaths. Experts say that greedy relatives can enter into conclusion with medical staff to enter into possession of a fortune as soon as possible. But there are still those who support the idea of legalizing euthanasia. According to their point of view, patients with no hope of recovering have a right to die. In their opinion, it is inhuman to torture patients with incurable diseases. My personal view is that “while there is life there is hope and painkillers”. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that people should better catch at straws to rescue their nearest and dearest rather than condemn them to death. (21H words) • Some people think that death penalty should be legal. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? One issue that has caused lots of controversy over the years is legalization of capital punishment. Advocates and opponents of death penalty have not arrived at a common opinion so far. So, is capital punishment a necessity or not? To begin with, capital punishment has existed since ancient times. For our purpose here, it is enough to remember just some of them: beheading, crucifixion, guillotine and burning at the stake. It goes without saying that now all these instruments of torture are survivals of the past but capital punishment still exists in many countries of the world. I strongly believe that crime must be punishable. But from a religious point of view it is a murder. Moreover, experts say that many people around the world are often condemned for crimes they never committed. Undoubtedly, to err is human but not in the case of passing a judgment. But there are still supporters of capital punishment. According to their opinion, in the countries where capital punishment is legal the rate of crime is considerably decreased. There is a simple reason for this: fear of death, which is peculiar to all human beings. Besides, capital punishment can save government funding aimed at maintenance of life-term prisoners. In my opinion, it is inhuman to throw life and money into the scales. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that life imprisonment is even more harsh punishment than death penalty because criminals are forced to live with guilt-feeling and pangs of conscience for all their life. (253 words) Topical Vocabulary Smoking 1) cigarette smoke — табачный дым 2) second-hand smoke — табачный дым, вдыхаемый некурящим 3) to expose — подвергать (воздействию), ставить под удар 4) ban on smoking — запрет на курение 5) inhale — вдыхать, затягиваться (табачным дымом) 6) smoker/non-smoker — курильщик/некурящий 7) emphysema — эмфизема 8) ashtray — пепельница 9) to light up (a cigarette) — зажечь (сигарету), закурить 10) to infringe on the legitimate rights of somebody — ущемлять законные права 11) smoking/non-smoking area — место для курящих/некурящих 12) intake — потребление, поглощение 13) nicotine — никотин 14) tobacco addiction — табакозависимость Stray animals 1) stray animals — бездомные/бродячие животные 2) to take care of somebody — заботиться о ком-либо 3) to live outdoors — жить на улице 4) to starve — голодать 5) to freeze to death — замерзать до смерти, умереть от переохлаждения 6) to create a shelter — строить приют 7) animal overpopulation — перенаселение животных 8) volunteer — волонтер, доброволец 9) spaying — стерилизация 10) neutering — кастрация 11) to put down — усыплять, умертвлять (животное) 12) to constitute a threat to somebody — представлять угрозу для кого-либо 13) contagious — заразный, инфекционный 14) to cure — лечить 15) kennel/doghouse — собачья будка 16) to feed — кормить 17) muzzle — намордник; 18) to muzzle — надевать намордник, обнюхивать (о животных) 19) to vaccinate — проводить вакцинацию Euthanasia 1) euthanasia — безболезненная, лёгкая смерть; эвтаназия 2) assisted suicide — эвтаназия 3) suicide — самоубийство 4) murder — убийство 5) to legalize — легализовать, узаконивать 6) fatal disease — смертельная болезнь 7) to.be resistant to treatment — не поддаваться лечению 8) treatable — излечимый 9) incurable disease — неизлечимая болезнь 10) to recover — поправляться, выздоравливать 11) to torture — истязать, подвергать пыткам 12) painkiller — болеутоляющее 13) in(human) — не(гуманный) 14) reviving apparatus — аппарат искусственного дыхания 15) coma — кома Capital punishment 1) capital punishment — смертная казнь 2) death penalty — смертная казнь 3) execution — исполнение смертной казни 4) murderer — убийца 5) beheading — обезглавливание 6) crucifixion — распятие на кресте (казнь) 7) guillotine — гильотина 8) burning at the stake — сожжение на костре 9) instrument of torture — орудие пыток 10) to commit a crime — совершать преступление 11) to convict — осудить, признать виновным в чем-либо 12) convicted of killing — осужденный за убийство 13) to condemn — приговаривать, выносить приговор 14) condemned (person) — осужденный (на смертную казнь) 15) to adjudicate (in/upon a case) — приговаривать, выносить судебное решение 16) to pass a sentence/judgment — выносить приговор 17) life-term prisoner — пожизненно заключенный 18) harsh punishment — суровое наказание 19) guilty — виновный 20) innocent — невиновный 21) jury — суд присяжных 22) prison — тюрьма 23) prisoner — подсудимый, заключенный 24) lawyer — адвокат 25) trial — судебное разбирательство, процесс 26) witness — свидетель Vocabulary Exercises 1) Эвтаназия — это прекращение жизни смертельно больного, не имеющего шансов на выздоровление. 2) Курение становится причиной многих болезней, включая рак, астму и эмфизему. 3) Во многих странах курение в общественных местах строго запрещено. 4) Тем не менее, многие считают, что запрет на курение ущемляет права курильщиков. 5) В каждом общественном месте должна быть выделена зона для некурящих. 6) Люди должны заботиться не только о своих питомцах, но также проявлять участие к бездомным животным. 7) Бездомные животные вынуждены жить на улице, голодать и умирать от холода. 8) Необходимо создать группу волонтеров и запустить проект по стерилизации и кастрации бездомных животных. 9) Бездомные животные представляют угрозу для людей. 10) Вместо того чтобы усыплять бедных животных, лучше заняться их лечением и дать им приют. 11) Никто не имеет права лишать жизни человека. 12) Жадные родственники могут вступить в сговор с медицинским персоналом, чтобы как можно скорее завладеть наследством. 13) Для больного человека «пока есть жизнь — есть надежда». 14) Сторонники и противники смертной казни уже многие столетия стараются убедить друг друга в своей правоте, но до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению. 15) Вне всяких сомнений, все эти орудия мести являются пережитками прошлого. 16) Ошибаться свойственно человеку, но не в том случае, когда речь идет о вынесении приговора. 17) Бывали случаи, когда абсолютно невиновных людей приговаривали к смертной казни. 18) Подсудимый был признан виновным в убийстве. 19) Ставить на одни весы деньги и жизнь человека — по меньшей мере, негуманно. 20) Пожизненное заключение — еще более суровое наказание, чем смертная казнь, поскольку заключенные до конца своих дней вынуждены испытывать муки совести и чувство вины за содеянное. Phrases Incurable disease; resistant to treatment; to commit a crime; to convict of a crime; to constitute a threat to somebody; animal overpopulation; to freeze to death; to create a shelter; capital punishment; ban on smoking; second-hand smoke; to interview witnesses; to pass a sentence; condemn to death; to infringe on a right. YOUTH PROBLEMS Sample Essays • Some teenagers want to live apart from their parents. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? Nowadays lots of teenagers are faced with the choice. The issue is whether to stay in a parent’s home or to live an independent life. There would seem to be clear benefits and drawbacks to both options. But in my opinion teenagers should live on their own. To begin with, moving out is one of the most important and tough decisions people make in life. Well, that is the way the cookie crumbles. My personal view is that teenagers who live apart from their parents become more independent and self-disciplined. There is a simple reason for it. The youngsters shoulder lots of duties: they learn how to plan and organize their expenses, do chores around the house and study their lessons. Moreover, teenagers become self-reliant and hardworking. Most of them tend to find part-time jobs and learn the value of money. On the other hand, many people insist that children should live with their parents until they stand on their own feet, or else they can go astray. Personally, I strongly disagree with this statement. Children must take responsibility for all the choices in life and be free to make their own mistakes. Talking about parents, they can guide or advice but should not press their opinion. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that teens must live separately from their parents and be able to support themselves financially. (228 words) • Many people are deeply concerned about the horrible high rate of suicide among teenagers. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? Nowadays suicides among young people continue to be a serious problem. In this essay I intend to find out what drives so many youngsters to commit suicide and show how much important for all parents to be alert. Experts say that suicide is the third leading cause of death among teens, but many people underestimate the risk and look at this serious problem through their fingers. The first thing parents should pay attention to is their children’s behavior and mood swings. It is widely known that one of the most common motives of suicide is depression. The contributing factors can be violence at home or at school, unrequited love, parents’ divorce or the death of a dear one. When faced with this affliction teens become withdrawn, unhappy and unsociable. To solve this problem parents should encourage their children to open up and seek help from a specialist. Moreover, grown-ups must constantly talk to teens, discuss their problems and show interest in their lives. On the other hand, there are people who think that this problem is not their business. Personally, I completely disagree with this statement. Life is unpredictable. Anything can happen. Any problem- free child can come under the influence of the wrong crowd and face difficulties he cannot overcome. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that all parents should be on the lookout for any changes in behavior of their children to avoid the tragedy. To conclude, it is very important that parents treat their children with understanding, compassion, care and concern. (254 words) • Some people believe that it is impossible to overcome differences between members of different generations. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? There is no doubt that the problem of parents and children is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. In this essay I intend to show that people of different generations can meet each other halfway and even become bosom friends. According to a Chinese proverb, “If you want happiness for a lifetime — help the next generation”. Personally, I fully agree with this statement. First of all, parents must go with the times in order to understand their adolescents better. Secondly, they must express deep concern, be careful, sincere, loving and heedful of advice. Thirdly, parents should not be too exacting and adamant. On the other hand, there are people who insist that the problem of generation gap cannot be solved. According to their opinion, teenagers today are rude, cruel, lazy and ill-mannered. Most of them are addicted to gambling, computer, alcohol or drugs. Moreover, experts say that the cases of juvenile delinquency have been on the rise over the past years. In my judgment, the reason for all these problems is lack of moral values or attention. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that all parents should better try to protect their adolescents from bad influences and give a helping hand rather than lecture them or decrease their self-esteem. All in all, I still strongly believe that people can bridge the generation gap by means of communication and mutual understanding. (237 words) • Some people believe that the key factor of juvenile delinquency is negative peer pressure. Do you agree with this statement? What is your opinion? There is no doubt that the problem of juvenile delinquency is one of the most pressing issues in the modern world. Some people put the whole blame on wrong companies who negatively influence children. In this essay I intend to show that the main predictor of juvenile delinquency is adverse family environment. First and foremost, let us consider some contributing factors of juvenile delinquency. They include poverty, parental divorce, domestic violence and corporal punishment. However, it becomes evident that all of them refer to the family conflicts. In my judgment it is precisely the family environment that constitutes a root problem. Moreover, experts say that most delinquents come from problem families. Their parents are often violent, cruel or abuse alcohol and drugs. In turn, their children show rebellious behavior and stop obeying them. On the other hand, there are people who think that the main reason of juvenile delinquency is the influence of a wrong company. Well, it is partly true. But if parents give their adolescents every attention and care, cultivate morals and values, teach what is wrong and right, there is no need for teens to rebel or commit crimes. Taking into consideration all mentioned above, I think that the root problem of juvenile delinquency is the family. Children are reflections of their parents. Hence if parents use wrong methods of upbringing, their adolescents are more likely to use violence to solve their own inner conflicts. (236 words) Topical Vocabulary
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