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DIABETES. Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger); changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, blurred vision, diabetic ketoacidosis, a
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DIABETES
Phonetic exercise: endocrine [‘end 
ukrain; ‘end ukrin; ‘end ukri: n], exocrine [‘eksə ukrain; ‘eksə ukrin]; control [kə n’trə ul], insulin [‘insjə lin, ‘insjulin], pancreas [‘pæ ŋ kriə s; ‘pæ ŋ kriæ s; ‘pæ nkriə s], enzymes [‘enzaimz], hormones [’h 
: mə unz], diabetes [, daiə ’bi: ti: z], gestational diabetes [, d3es’tei∫ nl, daiə ’bi: ti: z], deficiency [di’fi∫ ə nsi], blurred [blə: d], vision [‘vi3n], nausea [‘n : siə ], altered [‘ : ltə d], consciousness [‘k n∫ ə snis], glucose [‘glu: kə us], hemoglobin [, hi: mə u’glə ubin], fasting [‘fa: stiŋ ]
Make a report on diabetes according to the plan below:
Definition: a condition in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.
Epidemiology: at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2. 8% of the population.
Classification:
Type 1 diabetes: also known as insulin dependent diabetes, childhood onset diabetes; results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes, adult onset diabetes; results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy.
Other forms of diabetes mellitus: congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids,
Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger); changes in the shape of the lenses of the eyes, blurred vision, diabetic ketoacidosis, a state of metabolic dysregulation characterized by the smell of acetone; a rapid, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing; nausea; vomiting and abdominal pain; and an altered states of consciousness; a number of skin rashes known as diabetic dermadromes.
Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a medication history, a family history, an alcohol consumption history, a social history, an occupational history, a diet history, etc.
Physical examination: observation, percussion, palpation, and auscultation.
Instrumental evaluation: plasma glucose tests; fasting plasma glucose level tests;
hemoglobin tests, etc.
Treatment: difficult to cure; appropriate medications (insulin only in the case of type 1 diabetes mellitus; oral medications in the case of type 2 diabetes, as well as insulin); close dietary management, exercise, control of blood pressure, weight control, weight reduction, diabetic socks and possibly diabetic shoes, etc.
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PANCREATITIS
Phonetic exercise: pancreas [‘pæ ŋ kriə s; ‘pæ ŋ kriæ s; ‘pæ nkriə s], enzymes [‘enzaimz], hormones [’h : mə unz], pancreatitis [, pæ ŋ kriə ’taitis], pancreatic [, pæ ŋ kri’æ tik], cancer [‘kæ nsə ], acute [ə ’kju: t], chronic [‘kr nik], steatorrhea [, sti: ə tə ’riə ], respiratory [ri’spirə tə ri; ri’spairə rə tə ri; ‘respirə tə ri], hypercalcemia [‘haipə, kæ l’si: miə ] congenital [kə n’d3enə tl], ultrasound [‘Λ ltrə saund], amylase [‘æ mileis], lipase [‘lipeis], imaging [‘imid3iŋ ], adequate [‘æ dikwə t], intravenously [, intrə ’vi: nə sli]
Make a report on pancreatitis according to the plan below:
Definition: inflammation of the pancreas.
Classification: two very different forms: acute pancreatitis is sudden while chronic pancreatitis is characterized by recurring or persistent abdominal pain with or without steatorrhea or diabetes mellitus.
Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: severe upper abdominal pain, with radiation through to the back; nausea and vomiting; high or low blood pressure; elevated heart and respiratory rates; abdominal tenderness.
Causes: gallstones in acute pancreatitis; excessive alcohol use in chronic pancreatitis and acute pancreatitis; less common causes: hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, viral infection (e. g., mumps), trauma (to the abdomen or elsewhere in the body), pancreas divisum, a common congenital malformation of the pancreas, pregnancy, type 2 diabetes, etc.
Evaluation: History: a personal medical history, a medication history, a family history, an alcohol consumption history, a social history, an occupational history, a diet history, etc.
Physical examination: observation, percussion, palpation, and auscultation.
Instrumental evaluation: laboratory tests: measurement of amylase and/or lipase, ultrasound imaging and CT scanning of the abdomen, CT, etc.
Treatment: provision of pain relief; provision of adequate replacement fluids and salts (intravenously); dietary fat restriction; fluoroquinolone with metronidazole, etc.
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