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Answer the following questions.
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• TEXT 11C
Brickwork
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a) 
What is masonry?
b) What are the common materials of masonry construction?
c) What are the most common types of masonry?
d) Why do concrete blocks offer various possibilities in masonry construction?
e) What are the advantages of bricks and stone?
f) Does masonry provide fire protection?
g) What are the disadvantages of masonry?
h) What can help to avoid the settling of foundations?
i) How can the tensile strength of a wall be strengthened?
j) What does the strength of a masonry wall depend on?
k) Why does solid masonry without steel reinforcement have
limited applications?
1) What are stretcher and header bricks?
22. Read Text 11C "Brickwork" and find the answers to these questions. Discuss them with your groupmates.
a) How is brick masonry produced?
b) How is Flemish bond created?
c) What is a common variation of Flemish bond?
d) What is the advantage of rat-trap bond?
e) Where was rat-trap bond in common use?
f) What is a common?
g) What do commons usually feature? h) What are ties used for?
i) Why are ties expensive?
Brickwork masonry is produced when a bricklayer uses bricks and mortar to build up structures such as walls, bridges and chimneys. Brickwork is also used to finish openings such as doors or windows in buildings made of other materials. Where the bricks are to remain fully visible, as opposed to being covered up by plaster or stucco, this is known as face-work.
Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, has historically always been considered the most decorative bond, and for this reason was used extensively for dwellings until the adoption of the cavity wall. It is created by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single course. The next course is laid so that a header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below. Again, this bond is one brick thick. It is quite difficult to lay Flemish bond properly, since for best effect all the perpendiculars (vertical mortar joints) need to be vertically aligned. If only one face of a Flemish bond wall is exposed, one third of the bricks are not visible, and hence may be of low visual quality. This is a better ratio than for English bond, the main rival of Flemish bond for load-bearing walls.
A common variation found in early 18th century buildings is glazed-headed Flemish bond, in which the exposed headers are burned until they vitrify with a black glassy surface.
| Rat-trap bond |
Rat-trap bond, also known as Chinese bond, is a type of garden wall bond in which the stretchers and headers are laid on their sides, with the base of the stretcher facing outwards. This gives a wall with an internal cavity bridged by the headers, hence the name. The main advantage of this bond is economy in use of bricks, giving a wall of one brick thickness with fewer bricks than a solid bond.
252 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
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UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS | 253
Rat-trap bond was in common use in England for building houses of fewer than three storeys up to the turn of the 20th century and is today still used in India as an economical bond, as well for the insulation properties offered by the air cavity. Also, many brick walls surrounding kitchen gardens were designed with cavities so hot air could circulate in the winter, warming fruit trees or other produce spread against the walls, causing them to bloom earlier and forcing early fruit production.
In UK building yards what many would refer to as a house brick is known as a common with larger breezeblock-like materials being called solids. Mortar is often referred to as mud due to its appearance. Commons usually feature a frog, an indent in one surface that faces up during laying. This is packed with mud as laying progresses and helps add lateral strength to the layer, as opposed to the vertical strength formed by the compressive weight of the brickwork on itself. Ties are metal products that are approximately the length of a common. They are used to tie layers of brickwork into one another. This is particularly important if a building is constructed with an inner and outer wall featuring a cavity where the ties will be placed through the cavity between mortar layers in the two walls. This allows the two walls to function better as one structural unit without filling the cavity with a solid material and so lowering its insulative properties. Ties are simply lengths of stainless steel wire, around twice as thick as that used to form a steel coat hanger, and have a loop at either end that is buried in the mortar as the wall progresses. Due to being stainless and reasonably thick, they are also somewhat expensive. However, ties must be stainless to avoid them rotting in the alkaline conditions created by the cement in the mortar.
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