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Exercise 9. Choose all the words that are appropriate in answering the questions.
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A. Is the City the financial centre of London?
B. Who and what were Lombards?
Pawnbrokers, the Bank of England, north Italy, the Middle Ages, Lombards, moneylenders, finance, business privileges, banks, insurance and finance companies, the Stock Exchange, the English Crown, substantial gifts, a native of Lombardy.
Exercise 10. Look through the text again and write down ways to describe the situation concerning the expulsion of some of the Lombards from Britain.
Exercise 11. From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning the role of the City of London in Britain and all over the world (in written form).
Exercise 12.
A. Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally).
B. Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences in written form.
TEXT 11. AMERICAN ECONOMY
THE WELFARE STATE: FOOD FOR THOUGHT
The United State of America is the world's greatest economic power in terms of both Gross National Product and per capita GNP, with its exports accounting for more than 10% of all world trade.
Although the importance of industrial production is falling and that of services growing (as in most of Western Europe), the United States remains the world's greatest maker of industrial goods and around 20 million Americans are still employed in manufacturing.
The industrial heart of the nation is the Midwest around the Great Lakes, especially in the region stretching from southern Michigan through Northern Ohio and into the Pittsburgh area of Pennsylvania. Another important industrial region is the Northeast, which is the home of the major computer manufacturers. Service industries are also very important in this region and New York is the country's banking and insurance capital. The nation's fastest growing region, however, is the Southeast, where the chemical industry and high-technology industries are now catching up with the traditional textile industry as many firms exploit the warm climate and low labour costs.
47 per cent of the land area of the United States is farmland, of which 152 million hectares are harvested cropland and 560 million hectares are permanent pastureland. And yet, only 6.2 million people live on the nation's farms and today farmers make up a little more than 2 per cent of the American population.
The American farmer's success is one of the less publicized wonders of the 20th century. By the mid-1970s a single farmer could grow enough food to feed himself, forty five other Americans, and eight foreigners. Agriculture is one of the biggest and most basic productive enterprises. It feeds the nation and supplies raw materials to most industries. In a single year farmers in the United States grow crops valued at some $25 billion.
The ever intensifying production has exacted its price. In an attempt to stabilize farm income, the US Government has paid farmers billions of dollars in the past decade. Spokesmen for the consumers have charged farmers and the food-processing industry with sacrificing nutrition and taste in their efforts to mass-produce meat, poultry, fruit, vegetables, and grain products.
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Much of the machinery on US farms is automated, computers determine what animals eat. Such technology costs money. In 1940 American farmers invested about $52 billion in land, livestock, buildings, and equipment. By the 1990s the amount had climbed to more than $400 billion, even though farms had dropped in number from 6 million to fewer that 3 million. Many people had to sell their small family farms because they could not find the necessary capital to run them. Nevertheless, about 95 per cent of US farms are still family owned, although nowadays they tend to be large and are often incorporated. Meanwhile, true corporation farms, supervised by boards of directors and professional managers, are increasing in number. The number of American farms is expected to be cut in half, to about 1.5 million, while the amount of cultivated land will remain about the same. Farm output, however, will probably double.
Some agriculturists envision a future where weather will be made to order, robots will operate the farm machinery, millions of identical cattle will be produced as clones from a single superior «parent», and crops will grow lush and green under a pollution-free sky. It is a fairy tale, but the truth is that the amazing productivity of American farmers has ensured that much of the world will have enough to eat for the next 20 or 30 years.
Notes and Commentary
the Midwest, the Great Lakes, Michigan, Northern Ohio, the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Northeast, the Southeast — названия регионов на территории Соединенных Штатов Америки (Средний Запад, район Великих Озер, Мичиган, Северный Огайо, Питтсбург, Пенсильвания, северо-восточный регион, юго-восточный регион)
New York — Нью Йорк, крупнейший город США
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. In what terms is the United State of America the world's greatest economic power?
2. Why is the Southeast the nation's fastest growing region?
3. What measures does the US Government take in an attempt to stabilize farm in come?
4. Will farm output fall if the number of American farms is cut in half?
Exercise 2. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
1. power (n) A. экспорт
2. Gross National Product B. поставлять
(GNP)
3. per capita C. земля, используемая для сельскохозяйственных нужд
2. exports (n, pl) D. промышленный
3. trade (n) E. производство
4. industrial (a) F. дешевая рабочая сила
5. manufacture (v) G. валовой национальный продукт (ВНП)
6. manufacturing (n) H. земля под пастбище
7. manufacturer (n) I. государство, держава; власть
8. low labour costs J. прибыль, доход
11. farmland (n) K. производитель, компания-производитель; фабрикант
9. cropland (n) L. торговля
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10. pastureland (n) M. на душу населения
13. productive (a) N. производить (товары в промышленном масштабе)
11. supply (v) O. потребитель
12. income (n) P. менеджер-профессионал
13. consumer (n) Q. совет директоров
14. food-processing industry R. пищевая промышленность
15. capital (n) S. чистый, незагрязненный (об окружающей среде)
16. incorporated (corporation) T. земля под зерновые культуры
farms
17. board of directors U. корпоративные, фермерские хозяйства
18. professional manager V. капитал
19. pollution-free W.производственный;продуктивный, приносящий прибыль
Exercise 3. Find the Russian equivalents of the following.
To mass-produce products; one of the less publicized wonders; to envision a future; the industrial heart of the nation; to exact production price; a single superior «parent»; spokesmen for the consumers; the home of the major computer manufacturers; to run small family farms; to make up half of the population.
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