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A. Match the forms of the irregular verbs.
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| sew | sawed | sewn |
| find | sold | born |
| buy | lay | laid |
| lean | sowed | sought |
| seek | taught | thought |
| think | sewed | sawn |
| bind | bore | found |
| teach | learnt | bought |
| see | found | learnt |
| lay | bought | bound |
| bring | leant | taught |
| sell | laid | seen |
| bear | sought | leant |
| learn | thought | brought |
| saw | brought | sold |
| lie | bound | lain |
| sow | saw | sown |
B.. Insert the verb in the past simple.
1. They …… a private meeting. (arrange)
2. He ……for a new appointment. (look)
3. Charles …… his name at the employment agency. (list)
4. She ……her appointment with the Transport Department Manager. (keep)
5. The agency …… some more employees. (hire)
6. Jack and Mike …… for jobs as sales representatives. (apply)
7. I …… my doctor's appointment. (cancel)
8. He …… the application form. (fill in)
9. I …… my door when I went to work. (lock)
10. He …… the meeting until next Friday. (postpone)
11. I …… Mary Cooper for a permanent position. (interview)
12. They …… us when they were ready. (call)
13. Mary …… a date for Saturday. (make)
TEXT 14. THE SMALL BUSINESS
1. owner A. собственник, владелец
2. operator B. амер. владелец предприятия
3. franchise C. франшиза (страх.)
4. distribute goods D. распространять (распределять) товары
5. sell smth at retail E. продавать в розницу
6. management consulting F. консалтинг по менеджменту
7. preserve competition G. сохранить конкуренцию
8. prevent monopolistic control H. предотвратить монополистический контроль
9. benefits of competition I. преимущества конкуренции
10. incentive J. стимул, побудительный мотив
11. procurement assistance K. материально-техническая помощь
12. gross national product L. валовой национальный продукт
13. create new jobs M. создавать новые рабочие места
14. supply N. снабжать, поставлять
15. ownership O. собственность
16. retailing P. розничная торговля
17. wholesaling Q. оптовая торговля
18. manufacturing R. производство
19. total assets S. общая стоимость имущества, сумма баланса
20. net worth T. стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств, собственный капитал (предприятия)
21. gross profits U. валовая прибыль
22. net profits V. чистая прибыль
23. payroll W. платежная ведомость
24. net receipts X. чистая выручка, чистьте доходы, чистые денежные поступления
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25. total sales return Y. общий объем продаж, товарооборот возмещение, возврат; pl. возвращенный товар; возращенные чеки, векселя
26. allowances Z. начисления (напр. сумма накладных расходов)
27. keep records AA. вести учет
28. tax BB. налог
29. bank loan CC. банковская ссуда
30. partnership DD. Партнерство
31. business premises EE. торговое помещение; помещение фирмы
32. labour force FF. рабочая сила
33. business failure GG. коммерческий крах
34. profit HH. прибыль
35. Assets II. активы; фонды; средства
36. liabilities JJ. пассивы; денежные обязательства, долги
37. earnings KK. 1. заработок рl.; 2. доход, прибыль, поступление
38. advertising agency LL. рекламное агентство
39. warehouse MM. склад; оптовый магазин
40. tangible NN. материальный
41. Intangible OO. нематериальный
42. notes receivable PP. амер. векселя к получению
43. cash QQ. наличность
44. equipment RR. оборудование
45. real estate SS. недвижимость
46. retail business TT. розничная торговля
47. surplus UU. излишек, избыток; нераспределенная прибыль
48. total receipts VV. общая сумма поступлений
49. bookkeeping WW. бухгалтерский учет
50. merchandise XX. Товары
51. money borrowed YY. деньги, взятые взаймы
52. in bulk orders ZZ. заказ в большом количестве
53. financial investment AAA. финансовые инвестиции
Today small businesses are the heart of the market economy. There are a great number and variety of small businesses. People become owners and operators of small business firms in one of three ways, start a new firm, buy a franchise, buy or inherit an existing firm.
Small firms have been established to do just about any kind of business imaginable. They have been established to manufacture and distribute goods, to sell them at retail, and, of course, to provide all kinds of needed services. Some serve only the local community, while others function in national and international markets.
The vast majority of small firms concentrate on selling material products, although an increasing number of firms provide a service. Although an increasing number operate in local markets, services, too, are exported. In recent years there has been a great increase in the export of services, such as management consulting, medical, and technological services.
The existence of a strong, healthy small business community has always been recognized as the best way to preserve competition, prevent monopolistic control of any industries, and thus assure the population of the benefits of competition through better prices and quality products. Incentives have been provided to assist small firms. The government of the US created the Small Business Administration (SBA) in 1954 to provide financial, management, and procurement assistancefor small firms.
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There are some facts that illustrate the importance of small business. According to the Small Business Administration:
99% of all businesses in the US can be classified as small;
43% of the gross national productis contributed by small business;
while large business has been cutting back employment, small business has been creating new jobs;
many of new products and services in the US are created by small businesses.
Numerous definitions of the term "small business" exist. A small business is one which is independently owned and operated and not dominant in its field of operation. A small business is one which possesses at least two of the following four characteristics: 1) management of the firm is independent. Usually the managers are also the owners; 2) capital is suppliedand the ownershipis held by an individual or a small group; 3) the area of operation is mainly local, with the workers and owners living in one home community. However, the markets need not be local; 4) the relative size of the firm within its industry must be small when compared with the biggest units in its field. Of the characteristics cited, most scholars believe that the fourth, relative size, is the most important.
The SBA traditionally uses the following criteria for defining small business: retailing (sales volume), service (sales volume), wholesaling (sales volume), manufacturing (number of employees).
The following is a list of terms that can be used to describe a business. Each term tells something about the size of a business.
Total assets - all that a business owns.
Net worth - business assets less what is owed.
Gross profits - money left from sales after all expenses (except taxes) have been paid.
Net profits - what is left from gross profit after business income taxes are paid.
Employees - total number of workers and managers listed-on the payroll.
Income - net receipts, the total sales less returns, allowances, and discounts.
It is necessary to keep records of a business for tax purposes and as a measure of growth. Some businesses fail because they are improperly expanded. Other businesses are unsuccessful because they expand too quickly and cannot handle problems that come with rapid growth. Many businesses remain small and provide excellent income throughout their lifetime.
Business operations are subject to review by local, state, and federal authorities. These reviews insure that rules and regulations are being obeyed and standards maintained. Some of the operations subject to review are listed here.
Income. Business income must be reported for income tax purposes. Other reasons for reporting business income include providing information for bank loans, attracting investors, making equitable distribution of profits in partnership, and as a measure of business growth. The records are usually subject to an audit.
Working conditions. Clean and safe working conditions must be provided for employees and if required, medical and safety equipment must be provided.
Wages and hours. Work regulations and announcements must be posted where employees can read them. Employers must pay at least the minimum wage that applies to their employees.
Advertising, labelling, and packaging. Businesses must not be guilty of false advertising, mislabeling, or providing less than the labeled weight in a package.
Unfair practices. Laws prevent business persons from engaging in various unfair practices, such as price fixing and other means of restraining trade.
Discrimination. Federal and state regulations prevent an employee from being discriminated against because of color, race, sex, religion, or national origin.
Liability and compensation. Employers are required to carry insurance and provide adequate compensation for workers injured on the job and customers injured on the business premises
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EXERCISES
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