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III. Realization (Осмысление). Reading & Speaking. Cadastres and land registration
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III. Realization (Осмысление)
Reading & Speaking
4. Read the following terms and phrases, mind their pronunciation
| to create security for | создавать безопасность для |
| a national and international investor | национальный и иностранный инвестор |
| a trader and dealer | коммерсант и дилер |
| government | правительство |
| an instrument of national land policy | инструмент национальной земельной политики |
| to support economic development. | поддерживать экономическое развитие |
| to be similar to | быть похожим на |
| a land register | регистрационная книга, земельная книга |
| Either … or … | как. так и; либо либо |
| recording of land use | регистрация землепользования |
| to operate within a strict legal framework | функционировать в рамках жёсткой правовой системы |
| a citizen | гражданин |
| to introduce a new system of land registration | вводить новую систему земельной регистрации |
| a selected area | выбранный участок |
| soil | почва |
| to incorporate various types of data | объединять различные виды данных |
| to specifically focus on | в частности фокусироваться на |
| to cover many properties | охватывать многие объекты недвижимости |
| land use zoning | зонирование землепользования |
| to support private land transactions | обеспечивать частные земельные сделки |
| to assist in the administration of | принимать участие, помогать, содействовать |
| diverse sections of the economy | разные сектора экономики |
| agriculture | сельское хозяйство |
| fishery | рыболовство |
| forestry | лесное хозяйство |
| housing | жилищное строительство |
| public utilities | коммунальное хозяйство |
| transport | транспорт |
5. Read the text and find answers to the following questions:
1. What is this text about?
2. Is it essential to have land records of value? Why do you think so?
3. What is land registration? What is the function of land registration?
4. What is the function of land administration system in society?
5. What is a cadastre?
6. What is similarity and difference between a cadastre and a land register?
7. What do data in a cadastre include?
6. Read the text once again and make marginal marks (пометки на полях):
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√ I knew it
+ New information
- The information contradicts my knowledge (противоречит моим представлениям)
? The information isn’t enough or understandable (непонятна или недостаточна)
Cadastres and land registration
The ownership, value and use of land are interdependent in practice. Each attribute of land should be carefully managed. To achieve this we need good land records of ownership to ensure security of tenure. It is also essential to have land records of value to ensure fairness in land and property taxation and equity in the compulsory acquisition of land for State purposes. And it is no less important to have information about the use of land to ensure efficient resource management.
Every land administration system should include some form of land registration. Land registration is a process for recording, and in some countries guaranteeing, information about the ownership of land. A right is something to which some person or group of persons is entitled. The function of land registration is to provide a safe foundation for the acquisition, enjoyment and disposal of rights in land.
A land administration system should provide order and stability in society. This system creates security not only for landowners and their partners but also for national and international investors, for traders and dealers, and for Governments. Systems of land registration are also instruments of national land policy and mechanisms to support economic development.
A cadastre is similar to a land register. It also contains a set of records about land. Cadastres are based either on the proprietary land parcel or on the taxable area of land.
Cadastres may support either records of property rights, or the taxation of land, or the recording of land use.
The cadastre is an information system consisting of two parts: a series of maps or plans showing the size and location of all land parcels together with text records that describe the attributes of the land. It is distinguished from a land registration system in that the latter is exclusively concerned with ownership. (эти слова в упр. 1)
Both a cadastre and a land register must operate within a strict legal framework. But a land register may not record all land over a whole country since not all
citizens may choose to register their lands. Furthermore, when introducing a new system
of land registration, selected areas may be given priority and other areas excluded for the
meantime in order to maximize the best use of resources.
The cadastre, however, should be based on complete coverage of a country, since it may be used for the purposes of land taxation. Surveys for the cadastre can be used to support a land registration system and indeed in many countries the term “cadastral
surveying” is used to describe the survey of land for the purposes of recording
ownership.
Different countries interpret the term “cadastre” in different ways and this can lead to great confusion when analysing systems. The common understanding is that a cadastre
is a form of land information system. The term “land information system” is applied to
a wide range of spatial information, including data related to infrastructure systems and the cadastre.
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A land information system is not necessarily land parcel-based. It may be an inventory of forest resources, or of soils, and may incorporate various types of data. A cadastre is more specifically focused on the ownership, value or use of land parcels.
Data that may appear in a cadastre include: geometric data (coordinates, maps); property addresses; land use; real property information; the nature and duration of the tenure; details about the construction of buildings and apartments; population; land taxation values. Data may relate to single plots of land or may cover many properties, as in land use zoning. The data may be used to support private land transactions, or to assist in the administration of diverse sections of the economy such as: agriculture; fishery; forestry; housing; public utilities; transport, etc.
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