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You did not (didn’t) understand
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You did not (didn’t) understand
He/ She/ It did not (didn’t) understand
Мн. ч. 1
3 We understood
You understood
They understood Did we understand?
Did you understand?
Did they understand? We did not (didn’t) understand
You did not (didn’t) understand
They did not (didn’t) understand
А сейчас, как и обещала, возвращаемся к глаголу исключению to be. Этот глагол выступает в качестве вспомогательного и образует вопросительные и отрицательные формы без did.
Таблица спряжения глагола to be
Число Лицо Утвердительная форма Вопросительная форма Отрицательная форма
Ед. ч. 1
3 I was
You were
He/ She/ It was Was I?
Were you?
Was he/ she/ it? I was not (wasn’t)
You were not (weren’t)
He/ She/ It was not (wasn’t)
Мн. ч. 1
3 We were
You were
They were Were we?
Were you?
Were they? We were not (weren’t)
You were not (weren’t)
They were not (weren’t)
Past Simple Tense употребляется
1. При выражении фактов, свершившихся в прошлом, которые не связаны с настоящим. Чаще всего отношение действия или состояния к определенному периоду в прошедшем времени становится понятно из контекста (содержания предложения или соседних предложений).
I read this book in London – Я прочитал эту книгу в Лондоне. (Обстоятельство in London косвенно указывает на время совершения действия. )
I сalled for help, but no one answered – Я взывал о помощи, но никто не отвечал (Глаголы сalled, answered выражают последовательность действий. )
I’m sorry I was out when you called – Мне очень жаль, я отсутствовал когда вы звонили. (Придаточное предложение when you called указывает время. )
Очень часто в предложениях в Past Simple Tense присутствуют обстоятельства времени:
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Yesterday – вчера
last night – прошлой ночью
last week – на прошлой неделе
last month – в прошлом месяце
last year – в прошлом году
last summer – прошлым летом
the other day – в другой день
in 1945 – в 1945 году
А также словосочетания с наречием ago:
five minutes ago – пять минут назад
an hour ago – час назад
two years ago – два года назад
Where did you travel last year? – Где ты путешествовал в прошлом году?
I was born in 1982 – Я родился в 1982 году.
They were here ten minutes ago – Они были здесь десять минут назад.
Вопросительные наречия when и how также могут указывать на прошедшее время.
How did it happen? – Как это случилось?
When did you begin your studies? – Когда ты начал учебу?
2. При выражении обычных или повторяющихся действий в прошлом, которые не связаны с настоящим:
Last summer I often swam in pool – Прошлым летом я часто плавал в бассейне.
When you were ill I went to see you every other day – Когда ты болел, я навещал тебя каждый день.
Обратите внимание, что для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом также можно использовать конструкцию used + инфинитив.
We used to see each other very often when I was young – Мы виделись очень часто когда я был молод.
used + инфинитив используется также при выражении привычного или длительного действия в прошлом (обычно отдаленном).
In his childhood he used to be capricious – В детстве он был капризным.
3. При выражении свойства или действия, характеризовавшего подлежащее в прошлом.
She was very thin when she was a small girl – Она была очень худой, когда была маленькой девочкой.
4. В дополнительных придаточных предложениях в косвенной речи, с условием что глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Simple Tense.
Не said he lived in Moscow — Он сказал, что живет в Москве.
I told him I wasn’t there – Я сказал ему, что не был там.
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Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя правильные глаголы в Past simple
I (to work) in a bank many years ago
He (to live) in Moscow five years ago
I (to like) flowers before it happened
Tom (to play) the piano yesterday evening
I (to love) you many years ago
Kristina and Mike (to study) English together last winter
You (to enjoy) your last holidays
The concert (to finish) at 7 o’clock
He (to plan) to go to the party yesterday
Ann (to die) when she was 87 years old
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя неправильные глаголы в Past indefinite
Anna (to have) a shower this morning
They (to go) at work by bus last morning
Cats (to drink) milk yesterday
She (to get up) early this morning
You (to sleep) on a sofa last night
He (to swim) in a pool last week
We (to sing) a song on the party last night
I (to forget) to call her yesterday
She (to drive) a car last month
You (to lose) keys yesterday evening
Эталоны ответов:
Упражнение 1
Worked
Lived
Liked
Played
Loved
Studied
Enjoyed
Finished
Planned
Died
Упражнение 2
1. had
2. went
3. drank
4. got up
5. slept
6. swam
7. sang
8. forgot
9. drove
10. lost
Drugs
The metric system is used exclusively when ordering and prescribing drugs. The metric unit of weight is the gram (g) and this is divided into thousandths called milligrams (mg).
The unit of volume is the litre (l) which is subdivided into thousandths called millilitres (ml). A litre is equivalent to just under two pints. The standart medicine teaspoon holds 5 ml.
Various reference books are available to help practitioners keep up to date with new drugs, the trade names of drugs, dosages and precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also legally required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details of usage.
Drugs may be administered externally or internally.
Drugs are classified into groups which have a specific action, such as antibacterial drugs, which are used for the treatment of infections, or local anaesthetics, which abolish pain. Some drugs belong to more than one group; for example, lignocaine, which is local and surface anaesthetic. Let's take antibacterial drugs as an example.
They are administered internally to kill bacteria.
Antibiotics are drugs originally derived from microorganisms: for example, penicillins, tetracyclines, and erythromycin. Many people allergic to penicillin and its derivatives. If such people are given any of these drugs they are liable to develop a dangerous reaction. Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are allergic to penicillin or any other drugs.
There are strict legal requirements for the purchase, storage, use indetification, dispensing and prescription of drugs.
Many drugs are poisonous if taken accidentally or in excess; others caustic and may cause painful burns. Some common sense precautions in storing drugs are to keep them well away from food and drinks; keep poisons locked up in a special poisons cabinet; and to keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage cannot affect the eyes or burn the face.
Stocks of drugs must be stored in accordance with manufacturers' instructions and not kept beyond their expiry date. Records of their purchase, supply and expiry date must be kept for at least 11 years. any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be discarded, together with any solutions which have become discoloured or cloudy.
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Certain drugs, such as adrenaline, halothane and hydrogen peroxide must be stored in dark bottles to prevent premature deterioration, while poisons bottles are ribbed to undicate by touch that their contents are dangerous.
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