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2. Read and translate the following words and word-combination. Pay attention to their pronunciation.
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2. Read and translate the following words and word-combination. Pay attention to their pronunciation.
1. natural gas [ˈ næ tʃ rə l gæ s]
2. gasoline ['gæ sə liː n]
3. automobile [ˈ ɔ: tə mə ubi: l]
4. oil deposit [ɔ ɪ l dɪ ˈ pɔ zɪ t]
5. internal combustion engine [ɪ nˊ tɜ: nl kə mˈ bʌ stʃ ə n ˈ endʒ ɪ n]
6. renewable [rı ʹ nju: ə b(ə )l]
7. exhaust [ɪ ɡ ˈ zɔ: st]
3. Read and translate the words of the same root:
To invent – invention – invented, to drill – drilling – drilled, new – to renew – renewable, to mix – mixture – mixed, to distil – distillation, to consume – consumption – consumer, to exist – existing – existed, to cover – covering – covered, to increase – increase – increasing, to exhaust – exhausted.
4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are the most widely used sources of energy in the modern world. They are of primary importance in the industrialized countries, where vast amounts of energy are consumed to operate all the different kinds of machines that work for mankind today. These three energy sources are referred to as fossil fuels.
Fossils are the traces or remains of plant or animal life that existed in previous ages. They were covered by sand or mud, which in time was itself covered by the water of the seas. Pressure changed the remains into oil, coal, or gas. Petroleum is composed largely of the marine animals and plants that lived so long ago.
When petroleum first went on market, it was called rock oil to distinguish it from the other kinds of oil. Since then, modern technology has become such an enormous consumer of energy that petroleum is probably the most valuable product in the world. It is often called “black gold”.
Up until the industrial revolution human beings did not use energy in the same quantities as we do nowadays. Energy was used for heat and light and preparation of food. The main fuels were wood, vegetable and animal oils. It has only been since World War II that oil has replaced coal as our primary energy source.
The growth of the petroleum industry has taken place in a little more than a hundred years. The origin of the industry can be dated to 1859, when the first underground oil well was drilled in the USA. Before that time, the petroleum came from seepage in places where pressure had forced it out onto the surface of the ground. The first important commercial product from crude petroleum was kerosene. Gasoline and asphalt were by-products. Later, after the invention of the internal combustion engine, gasoline turned out to be a more efficient energy source in the automobiles. Gasoline once an unwanted by-product suddenly became the most popular fuel in the world.
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Oil by-products have also become more efficient and cheaper than other fuels. Coal produces less energy than oil and oil is easier to transport. Another important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the development of petrochemicals. Various modern plastics and different fertilizers are made of petroleum.
The greatest problem of the petroleum industry is that petroleum is not a renewable natural resource. As the use of oil has increased, so we have the predictions that oil will soon be exhausted. The oil industry however is engaged in research to find not only substitutes but also the other sources of energy.
(adapted from: Рыбина, Е. А. Трубопроводный транспорт: учебное пособие)
5. Find in the text and read out English equivalents of these words and word-combinations.
Нефтяная промышленность, источники энергии, углеводородное топливо, неочищенная нефть, первостепенное значение, большое количество энергии, потреблять энергию, использовать энергию, производить энергию, потребитель энергии, промышленно развитые страны, нефть состоит из …, самый ценный продукт, основные виды топлива, нефть заменила уголь, развитие нефтяной промышленности, подземная нефтяная скважина, скважина была пробурена, поверхность земли, товарный продукт, субпродукты, нефтехимические продукты, двигатель внутреннего сгорания, невозобновляемые природные ресурсы, потребление нефти увеличилось, месторождения нефти могут истощиться, заниматься научно-исследовательской работой.
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What energy sources are widely used in the modern world?
2. How are these energy sources called?
3. What is petroleum composed of?
4. Why is petroleum called “black gold”?
5. To what time, place, and event can the origin of the oil industry be dated?
6. What was the first commercial oil product? What were by-products?
7. When did gasoline become the most popular fuel in the world?
8. Why has oil replaced coal as the primary energy source?
9. What is the greatest problem of the petroleum industry?
7. Match the terms and their definitions.
| 1. Petroleum 2. Crude oil / Crude petroleum 3. Gasoline 4. Kerosene 5. Asphalt 6. Barrel 7. Fossil 8. Distillation 9. By-product 10. Petrochemicals | a) The traces or remains of plant or animal life that existed in previous geological ages. Petroleum, coal and natural gas are called fossil fuels because they were created from tiny plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. b) A fuel found in mineral deposits under the ground. c) The usual unit of measure that used for oil. It contains forty-two gallons (159 liters). d) Chemicals derived from petroleum. They are used in the creation of synthetic (man-made) rubber, plastics, and other materials. e) A process of heating a mixture to separate lighter substances from heavier ones. The lighter ones are changed into vapor by the heating process. This is the basis for refining oil into commercial products f) It is a product made from petroleum which was often used as a source of heat and light in the 19th century. g) It is the heaviest product made from petroleum. It is used to pave streets. h) A secondary product obtained in the process of making something else. i) Oil as it comes from the ground. It is not commercially usable in this form. j) It is the lightest product made from petroleum. It is also the most popular fuel in the world. In the early days of the oil industry, it was a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to make kerosene. |
8. Answer the following questions using the information from exercise 7:
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1. What do we call fossil fuels? Why?
2. What is crude oil?
3. What does a barrel of oil mean?
4. What is distillation? Is it used in the oil industry?
5. What are gasoline, kerosene, and asphalt? What is each one used for?
6. What is a by-product? Give an example from the petroleum industry. Can you also give the examples from some other industry?
7. What are petrochemicals?
9. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct word or word-combination:
1. ________ separates lighter substances from the heavier ones.
2. ________ are made of the remains of the marine plants and animals.
3. A barrel contains _________ gallons.
4. ________ is a petroleum product that was widely used in 19th century.
5. Most automobiles use ________ as their fuel.
6. ________ is used for paving streets.
7. Gasoline and asphalt were________ in the process of obtaining kerosene.
8. ________, ________, and ________ are called fossil fuels.
9. Most of the plastics are made from _________.
10. The first oil well was drilled in_________.
| 10. An expert describes what happens to the barrel of crude oil. Listen to the text and complete the labels on the diagram 1. What uses of petroleum does the speaker talk about? Does anything surprise you? |
| Diagram 1 |
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| (from: Jon Naunton, Alison Pohl. Oxford English for Careers: Oil and Gas 2. ) |
11. Ask questions for the following sentences.
| Active Voice | Passive Voice (Wh. ) be S V3? | |
| Model verbs | (Wh. ) can S V? How can people find oil deposits? | (Wh. ) can S be V3? How can oil deposits be found? |
| Present Simple | (Wh. ) do (does) S V? What investigations do geologists conduct? | (Wh. ) is (are) S V3? How are geological investigations conducted? |
| Past Simple | (Wh. ) did S V? How did oil form? | (Wh. ) was (were) S V3? When was this well drilled? |
1. Petroleum is often called “black gold”. (How …? )
2. Petroleum formed from the remains of marine animals and plants that were covered by sand and mud and under the combined effects of time and temperature slowly converted to oil. (How …? )
3. In the 19th century people used energy for heat and light and preparation of food. (What … for? )
4. After World War II oil replaced coal as the primary energy source. (When…? )
5. The first underground oil well was drilled in the USA. (Where …? )
6. A barrel of oil produces more energy than a ton of coal. (What …? )
7. Various plastics and fertilizers are made of petroleum. (What … of? )
8. The greatest problem of the petroleum industry is that petroleum is not a renewable natural resource. (What …? )
9. Oil deposits can soon be exhausted because the use of oil has greatly increased. (Why …? )
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