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2.9. Числительные (The Numerals)
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2. 9. Числительные (The Numerals)
В английском языке, также, как и в русском, числительные делятся на количественные числительные (Cardinal numerals) и порядковые числительные (Ordinal numerals).
| Cardinal numerals | Ordinal numerals |
| 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve | first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth |
1. Числительные от 13-19 образуются при помощи –teen, 15-fifteen, 16-sixteen.
Составные числительные от 20 до 100 образуются так же, как и в русском языке: 25 – twenty-five, 93 – ninety-three.
2. В составных числительных после 100 перед десятками, а если их нет, то перед единицами, ставится союз and: 375 (three hundred and seventy-five), 2941 (two thousand nine hundred and forty-one)
3. разговорные формы цифры 0
a. nought [nɔ: t] 0. 7 = nought point seven (в математике)
b. zero ['zı ǝ rǝ u] –15°C = minus fi fteen degrees или fi fteen degrees below zero (в науке, например для обозначения температуры)
c. о [ǝ υ ] 705 21 80 = seven о fi ve two one eight о (в телефонных номерах)
d. nil или nothing 2: 0 = the score was two nothing или two nil (в спорте для обозначения счета игры)
Упражнения (Exercises):
Ex. 1. Запишите числительные (Write numerals):
1. It’s... of... today. 2. It’s (8) o’clock already. 3. There are (7) students in this group. 4. Read text (4). 5. You have a mistake in (3) sentence. 6. Do (22) task. 7. You must do (1) exercise orally, and (2) one in written form. 8. (2) is company, and (3) is a crowd. 9. The information is in file (11). 10. They got a new flat on (68) Street. 11. It is their (11) anniversary today. 12. (5) years later he became the manager of the firm. 13. The temperature today is (20) degrees below (0). 14. She was like (2) mother to me. 15. — Would you like (2) cup of tea? — No more, thank you. 16. The score of the match was 4: 0. 17. My birthday is on... of... .
Ex. 2. Ответьте на вопросы (Answer the questions):
1. What’s the date today? And what day is it today? 2. What’s the temperature outside? 3. What’s the temperature in your flat (house)? 4. What’s your official address? 5. What’s your telephone number? 6. Where is your office (school) situated? 7. When did you leave school? 8. When did you become a student? 9. When did you start to earn your living? 10. What’s the normal temperature of a healthy person? 11. How many kilometers are there in the mile? 12. How many years are there in a millennium? 13. How many planets are there in our Solar System? 14. What is your lucky number?
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3. Анатомия человека (HUMAN ANATOMY)
Темы (Topics)
3. 1. Тело человека (The Human Body)
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст (Read and translate the text):
The Human Body
There are three chief parts of the human body, the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities. The skeleton of the body is composed of 223 bones of various size and shapes, which give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues, muscles and organs. The bony framework of the head, enclosing the brain and supporting the face, is the skull. The skeleton of the trunk mainly consists of the spinal column made of a series of bony rings. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by the diaphragm. The chest is the upper of these cavities, the belly or abdomen – the lower.
The upper cavity contains heart and lungs. In the lower cavity there is stomach, liver, gall-bladder, kidneys, bladder and the intestines. The lungs belong to the respiratory system. Kidneys and bladder are part of the urinary system. The heart, the arteries, veins constitute the cardiovascular system.
The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm, and the hand. Each hand has four fingers and one thumb.
The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh (hip), the lower leg and the foot.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте слова и выражения (Find in the text words and word expressions):
Содержать, основные части, конечности, состоять из, поддерживать, туловище, быть разделенным, полость, составлять.
Задание 3. Дополните предложения данными словами (Complete the sentences with the words from the list):
trunk (2), bony, muscles, chief parts, respiratory system, tissues, spinal column, skull.
1. The lungs belong to the ______.
2. The skeleton of the_______ mainly consists of the ________made of a series of _______rings.
3. There are three _______of the human body.
4. The bony framework of the head is the ______.
5. The _____ is divided into two large cavities by the diaphragm.
6. The skeleton of the body supports the soft___, _______ and organs.
Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы (Answer the questions):
1. How many parts of human body are there?
2. How many bones does the human skeleton have?
3. What is the bony framework of the head?
4. What does the upper cavity contain?
5. What are the parts of the upper extremity?
6. What are the parts of the lower extremity?
3. 2. Части тела (The Parts of the Human Body)
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст, выпишите незнакомые слова и переведите их (Read the text, write out unknown words from it, translate them):
The Parts of the Human Body
The body is wonderfully made, like a complex, perfect machine. Each part is specially constructed to carry out its own function, and to work as a whole with the other parts. The body has a strong frame work of bones called the skeleton. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside. The human body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trunk and the limbs.
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The main part of the head is called the skull. The forehead, the temples, the cheeks, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose the face. The teeth and the tongue are loading in the mouth. One chews food with the teeth and tastes food with the tongue. The lips are the two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nose. The trunk consists of the spine, the chest and the pelvic bones. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by diaphragm. The upper cavity of the trunk is called thorax and lower one is called the belly. The lungs and the heart are located above the diaphragms in the upper cavity. In the lower cavity we find interior organs such as stomach, liver, urinary bladder, gallbladder kidneys, spleen and intestines.
The upper limb is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The join between upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The wrist is the joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index, middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.
The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone, the shin-bone and the fibula. We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The join between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap. The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты (Find English equivalents):
Составляют лицо; располагаются во рту; работаться как одно целое; покрыт мускулами и мягкими тканями; жевать еду; состоять из трех частей; внутренние органы; верхние конечности; нижние конечности.
Задание 3. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты (Find Russian equivalents):
To carry out its own function; complex machine; the teeth and the tongue are loading in the mouth; strong frame work of bones; upper cavity; lower cavity; tastes food with the tongue; joint between forearm and hand.
Задание 4. Прочитайте текст, определите, верны/неверны данные предложения (Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text):
1. Each part of the body carries out its own function.
2. The skeleton is covered by muscles on the outside.
3. The face is composed by the forehead, the temples, the cheeks and two jaws.
4. The food is tested with the tongue.
5. The upper cavity of the trunk is called the belly.
6. The elbow is the joint between forearm and hand.
7. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.
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