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Cтаростина Н.А. От энергии пара. к энергии солнца. Учебно-методическое пособие. по английскому языку. Москва 2017. ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
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Cтаростина Н. А.
От энергии пара
к энергии солнца
Учебно-методическое пособие
по английскому языку
Москва 2017
УДК 811. 111’33: 620. 9(076. 5)
ББК 81. 2 Англ-923
О. 89
Рецензенты кандидат филологических наук, доцент Пономарева М. Н.,
кандидат филологических наук, Пономарев В. В.
О. 89 От энергии пара к энергии солнца. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса направления 13. 03. 02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» очной и заочной форм обучения/сост. Н. А. Старостина; ООО «Технологии рекламы», г. Москва, 2017. – 78с.
Данная работа является необходимым пособием для введения студентов направления 13. 03. 02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» в основную терминологию по изучаемой ими специальности и приобретения необходимых навыков перевода оригинального текста по специальности и предназначена для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы студентов.
Основной целью издания является развитие навыков чтения, а также навыков устной речи, развитие навыков извлечения информации, ее обработки и получения дополнительных знаний из соответствующих областей технической науки.
Пособие содержит тексты из области энергетики, электротехники, физики и астрономии, а также включает грамматический материал и упражнения. Тексты сопровождаются словарем, вопросами на проверку общего понимания текста и упражнениями на знание лексических единиц по теме.
УДК 811. 111’33: 620. 9(076. 5)
ББК 81. 2 Англ-923
© ООО «Технологии рекламы», 2017
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© Старостина Н. А., 2017
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Основной целью данного пособия является необходимость снабдить студентов специализированной технической литературой для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы и более успешного формирования навыков чтения и говорения на иностранном языке.
Данное учебное пособие ставит перед собой задачу формирования навыков чтения и перевода оригинальной литературы, а также развития у студентов навыков устной речи.
Предлагаемая тематика материала для чтения позволит расширить, углубить знания студентов в той или иной области жизни и в способе языкового выражения тех или иных понятий и реалий.
Отбор текстов для пособия осуществлялся с учетом интересной фабулы, цельности, социальной значимости, которые вызывают желание выразить свою точку зрения на поставленную проблему.
Упражнения концентрируют внимание студентов на расширении определенного объема вокабуляра, его употреблении в ситуациях, на проблемах предлагаемых текстов.
Данная работа является необходимым пособием для введения студентов направления 13. 03. 02 «Электроэнергетика и электротехника» в основную терминологию по изучаемой ими специальности и приобретения необходимых навыков перевода оригинального текста по специальности и предназначена для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы студентов.
Основополагающим принципом при подготовке пособия было взято соответствие его требованиям государственного образовательного стандарта Российской Федерации.
TEXT 1
THE CHILDHOOD OF THE STEAM-ENGINE
We must try to visualize these circumstances if we want to understand why science and engineering did not develop very much during the Middle Ages — why, for instance, the steam-engine was not invented, and electricity discovered, a thousand years earlier. Scientists who dared to find out some scientific truth — for instance, that the earth is not the centre of the Universe — were made to recant, or burnt at the stake 
if they stuck to their 'heresies'.
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Technical achievements do not appear out of the blue. 
Apart from the incentive to the inventor and the possibility of putting his inventions to some practical use, there is the development of craftmanship which plays a decisive part.
The frustration which an inventor must have felt when he discovered that the technological development of his time was far behind his own flight of ideas can be guessed from Leonardo da Vinci's famous notebooks. From these five thousand pages he emerges as a mechanical genius — but so far ahead of his time 
that most of his inventions were impossible to execute with the technological means and the craftmanship available around A. D. 1500. 
It was the time of the Renaissance, 
that is, of the revival of classic art and science, which marks the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times.
Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries numerous attempts were made at utilizing the power of steam. It was an odd succession of scientists 
and inventors who took up the idea every few years, now in this country, now in that: the idea of using the expanding force of water, gasified by boiling, to drive some kind of machine. One of his visitors at that dismal place was the Marquis of Worcester, himself a man with an inventive mind, who was also to spend a number of years behind bars. He acted as a secret agent of the exiled King Charles II until he was caught by Cromwell's men and imprisoned in the Tower of London. 
It may seem surprising that even in the seventeenth century, when the superstitious and reactionary forces of medieval society had lost much of their hold over the minds of men 
technical progress was so slow and inventive ideas so rare.
Papin's 'bone-digester', 
as he called his machine, worked on the principle that when water or juice is boiled in a hermetically closed vessel so that the steam cannot escape, the pressure increases so much that the steam is heated far beyond the boiling-point of water. The superheated steam helps to cook the food much faster and more thoroughly than is possible in ordinary saucepans.
Papin introduced his bone-digester to the scientists of the Royal Society by cooking a meal for them. It was excellent, and they enjoyed this 'scientific dinner', as Papin called it, very much. But he made it plain to them that he regarded his bone-digester merely as a stepping stone 
to the steam-engine which he hoped to build one day.
A political event of great importance interfered with Papin's plan to return to his native country and continue his work there. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, 
that solemn garantee assuring the Huguenots of religious freedom. Denis Papin had become an exile.
He built an experimental model at Marburg. It was a complicated and rather clumsy machine whose energy derived more from atmospheric pressure than from the power of the expanding steam; a workman had to solve a fire-box 
under it at certain intervals to produce the steam, and remove it again to cause condensation.
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Fig. 1. Papin's water-lifting machine
Desperate and without a penny to his name 
Papin arrived back in London. In vain he tried to get the Royal Society 
to help him build his steam-engine, or at least compare his designs with those of Savery.
In the same year an ironmonger and Baptist preacher from Dartmouth, Thomas Newcomen, completed his own steam-engine after years of experimenting with Savery's pumps. The only place where such an engine was urgently needed was in Britain's mines, which filled with water faster than it could be cleared out. From the time of Savery's death in 1715, Newcomen controlled the manufacture of steam pumps in Britain for good many years. 
Some were exported to the Continent although they wasted an enormous amount of coal and had to have constant attention.
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