Клоназепам. Мидазолам. Альпразолам. Осложнения терапии бензодиазепинами. Другие способы лечения психомоторного возбуждения

Клоназепам

Ряд сообщений о клинических случаях и мате­риалы одного двойного слепого исследования показывают, что пероральный прием клоназе-пама в сочетании с препаратами лития или ан-типсихотиками может быть эффективен при лечении психотического возбуждения (см. разд. " Лечение острого маниакального эпизо­да" гл. 10) [128-133].

Мидазолам

Внутримышечное введение мидазолама, друго­го бензодиазепина с надежной абсорбцией, приводит к быстрой седации при назначении возбужденным больным с острым психотичес­ким состоянием [134].

Альпразолам

В своем обзоре высокопотенцированных бен-зодиазепинов Bodkin не рекомендовал исполь­зовать альпразолам для купирования психоти­ческого возбуждения, потому что он обладает активирующим эффектом и может вызвать уси­ление мании [135-144].

Осложнения терапии бензодиазепинами

При применении больших доз бензодиазепи-нов могут возникать нежелательные седация, атаксия и нарушение познавательных функций. Сообщается также о появлении других ослож­нений при лечении больных шизофренией:

• Расторможенность поведения

• Усиление тревоги и депрессии [121, 145-153].

При сочетанием назначении бензодиазе-пинов и атипичного антипсихотического пре­парата клозапина может увеличиваться риск возникновения седации, головокружения, кол-лаптоидных явлений с потерей сознания, рес­пираторных нарушений и колебаний АД [154].

Другие способы лечения психомоторного возбуждения

До появления нейролептиков беспокойным психотическим больным назначался амобарби­тал в дозировках, достаточных для выраженной седации и глубокого сна. Как правило, после пробуждения степень выраженности психомо­торных расстройств у них значительно умень­шалась. Частичным объяснением этого положи­тельного эффекта может служить то, что раз­витие психотической симптоматики совпадает с расстройством сна. Седативные препараты могут оказывать успокаивающее действие на возбужденных больных, хотя при этом они не имеют никакого специфического действия на основную психотическую симптоматику. Тот факт, что ассоциируемые с обострением психо­тической симптоматики явления выраженного возбуждения, агрессивности и вспыльчивости могут редуцироваться под воздействием седа-тивных препаратов, влечет за собой вопрос о возможном существовании иного механизма возникновения этих явлений, не связанного с формированием основной психотической сим­птоматики.

Для лечения хронических (но не острых) состояний агрессивности и ажитации могут с успехом применяться препараты лития, β -блокаторы, ваптъпроат натрия и карбамазепин [155-162].

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Разработанная авторами схема лечения обо­стрений психотической симптоматики изобра­жена на рис. 5. 5 [163, 164]. Этот подход соот­ветствует недавно опубликованным рекоменда­циям Американской ассоциации психиатров [165]. В тех случаях, когда это возможно, разум­ное кратковременное применение комбинации седативных и антипсихотических препаратов позволяет достичь желаемого эффекта более быстро и качественно, чем резкое наращивание доз антипсихотиков. На ранних стадиях пси­хомоторного возбуждения часто необходимо парентеральное введение препаратов, что по­зволяет предотвратить асоциальные поступки у таких больных. Существует особенности допол­нительного назначения седативных препаратов больным с хроническим беспокойством и аг­рессивностью. В этих случаях седативные пре­параты назначаются спустя несколько недель лечения антипсихотиками для получения более качественного конечного результата. Как ва­риант, при лечении больных с хроническими состояниями беспокойства в сочетании с анти­психотиками или без них могут использовать­ся β -блокаторы, антиконвульсанты (вальпро-аты) или препараты лития.

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