Напишите аннотацию этого текста: Text A. Immunity

Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Un­der various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.

In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an anti­toxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity we should suffer from all infectious diseases.

If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of anti­toxin.

The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.

If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.

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XIV. Translate into Russian:

1. If Anton Leeuwenhock (1632-1723) ['Imranhuk] had not discovered the specific power (силу) of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes. 2. The patient's sclerae were yellow as if he had jaundice. 3. The patient must be given vaccination lest he should become infected. 4. Chronic gastritis would not be so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young. 5. It is likely that the symptoms should recur since the process of inflammation has not been con­trolled yet. 6. It is necessary that the patient be administered a strict diet to control gastric pains.

XV. Pick out the appropriate phrase to end the sentences:

1. If the human body had no resistance capacity... (a) people would de­velop any infectious diseases; b) even direct contacts with infected people would never result in diseases) 2. If a previous attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity... (a) all of us would be im­mune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection; b) people would lack resistance to subsequent infection) 3. If all of us had abso­lute immunity... (a) antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins; b) no infectious disease would ever develop in the human organism)

XVI. Finish the sentences using Complex Object:

1. In the practical therapy class the students watched... (а) как сестра делала больным подкожные и внутримышечные инъекции; Ь) как оперировали больного с закупоркой желчных протоков) 2. The scientists have found... (а) что фагоциты окружают и разрушают бактерии, проникшие в ткани; Ь) что антитоксины нейтрализуют действие токсинов)

XVII. Pick out the sentences corresponding to Text A:

1. a) Artificial immunity results from prophylactic vaccination, b) Artificial immunity is due to the formation of specific antitoxins. 2. a) Immunity may vary depending on various conditions, b) Immunity may be present only in certain persons. 3. a) Toxins produce the characteristic symptoms of a particular infec­tious disease, b) Some microorganisms, like mucobacterium tuberculosis, pro­duce little or no toxin during growth.

XVIII. 1. Read Text B. 2. Determine the meaning of the words in bold type from the context. 3. Say about what Pasteur- spoke in his lecture. 4. What conclusion have you come to having read the text?

Text B. Asepsis

If all the works carried out by the great French researcher Pasteur were divided into three groups they would form three great discoveries.

The first one might be formulated thus: "Each fermentation is produced by the development of a particular microbe."

The second one might be given this formula: "Each.infectious disease is produced by the development of a particular microbe within the human organ­ism."

The third one might be the following: "The microbe of an infectious dis­ease, under certain conditions, is attenuated¹ in its pathogenic activity; from a microbe it becomes a vaccine."

In 1878 while delivering his lecture on the theory of microbes at the Acad­emy of Sciences in Paris Pasteur said that if he were a surgeon, who knew of the dangers produced by microbes existing on the surface of every object, particu­larly in hospitals, not only should he use clean instruments, but after washing his hands with the greatest care, he would employ only those bandages and charpie² which had been heated to a temperature of 130° or 150°C.

If he employed the water he would heat it to a temperature of 110° or 120°C, since observation had shown the clearest water to contain still greater number of microbes.

Had those principles of asepsis, on which Pasteur insisted, not been strictly followed in medicine thousands and thousands of human lives would have been lost because of sepsis.

Notes

1. to attenuate [a'tenjucit] - ослаблять, разбавлять

2. charpie ['Ja."pi] - карпия, льняные нитки для перевязки ран

LESSON 49

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I. Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже:

• diphtheria [dif'Giarre], prostration [pres'treifan], tonsil ['troisl], larynx

['laenrjks], toxemia [rok'srmra], delirium [di'lmam], disintegrate [dis'mtigrert]

отравление крови (заражение крови); прострация, изнеможение; бред;

бредовое состояние; распадаться; дифтерия; миндалевидная железа; гортань

II. Выучите следующие слова:

backache f'baekeik] и боль в спине

smear ['smia] n мазок

culture ['клк/э] п посев; выращивание бактерий

extreme [ik'stri:m] а крайний; чрезвычайный

convalescence [^krmva'lesns] n выздоровление

fatal ['feitl] а летальный, смертельный

outcome ['аШклт] п исход

III. 1. Прочитайте текст С. 2. Найдите и переведите предложения, содержащие а) сослагательное наклонение; б) сложное дополнение; в) сложное подлежащее; г) самостоятельный причастный оборот. 3. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

температура была непостоянной, пульс был неправильный, незначи­тельно увеличенное количество, мазок был взят на посев, налеты на минда­линах, очищение горла

4. Перескажите текст от лица врача:

Text С. Diphtheria

The patient was a seven-year-old girl.-Her fever was irregular and consider­ably elevated. The general symptoms, such as headache and backache were not severe, but her pulse was weak and irregular. The urinalysis revealed protein to be present in a slightly increased amount.

The patient's throat being examined, the physician noticed it be coated with a membrane. To make an adequate diagnosis the smear was taken for culture which revealed diphtheria bacilli. If diphtheria bacilli had not been revealed in the smear the doctor might have doubted the diagnosis.

The disease having progressed, prostration became marked. The membranes which had been seen at first on the tonsils were spreading to the pharynx and larynx.

The patient received an adequate treatment with diphtheria antitoxin which contributed to the clearing up of the throat. Had the antitoxin treatment not been employed so soon toxemia would have been intense and delirium and prostra­tion extreme or heart failure, respiratory paralysis or bronco-pneumonia might have developed.

After four or five days the membrane which had been extending over the tonsils, pharynx, and larynx began to loosen (зд. разрыхляться) and disinte­grate. In 10 days convalescence was noted to have advanced favourably and the danger of a fatal outcome was considered to have been completely eliminated.

IV.* Выберите предложения в сослагательном наклонении:

1. The bacteriologist was sure that the blood smear would reveal cocci. 2. If it were a severe form of diphtheria it would be characterized by general prostration, cardiac depression and even anaemia. 3. The physician did not doubt that the smear culture would reveal diphtheria bacilli. 4. Had the temperature been accompanied by vomiting, headache and chills the diagnosis of diphtheria would have been possible. 5. Subcutaneous injections of antibiotics should be given regularly lest the disease progressed.

V. Переведите следующие предложения, употребляя сослагатель­ное наклонение (письменно):

1. На вашем месте я назначил бы больному повторный анализ. 2. Врач настаивал, чтобы больной наблюдался по поводу отдаленных результатов в течение года. 3. У больного были такие желтые склеры, как будто бы он болел желтухой.

VI. Напишите историю болезни, используя ключевые слова:

to be admitted to the hospital, to complain of, on physical examination, symptoms, to reveal, laboratory findings, antitoxin treatment, the course of the disease, convalescence

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

VII. Translate into English:

1. летальный исход; 2. мазок крови; 3. обложенный язык; 4. тяжелое отравление крови; 5. бредовое состояние; 6. чрезвычайное утомление; 7. выздоровление было гладким (без осложнений)

VIII. Choose a noun that can be used as an attribute of each of the nouns given below:

blood, diphtheria, lymph node, barium, emergency, tissue, incubation antitoxin, biopsy, meal, surgery, degeneration, period, smear

IX. Choose the verbs to be used with the nouns:

to complain of, to support, to prescribe, to sterilize, to eliminate, to remove a strict diet, chills, the danger, the theory, a benign tumour, surgical instru­ments

X. Translate into Russian:

1. If chemotherapy had not been discontinued last week liver damage would have become too severe. 2. Profuse external bleeding had to be controlled in time lest the patient would die. 3. The physician insisted that the patient should follow a strict diet. 4. This idea is likely to be supported by everybody. 5. It is important that all surgical instruments be sterilized adequately.

XL Translate into Russian paying attention to the words given in bold type:

1. Looking back at the great discoveries of science many of them seem so simple. 2. Having been sterilized for only a few minutes the instruments were not considered to be harmless. 3. A little barium meal was given to the patient when the filling defect was being revealed. 4. Does the atmospheric air contain little or much moisture at the seaside? 5. Few effects of gastric ulcer are marked in patients during remissions, but inadequate diet is responsible for their recur­rence.

XII. 1. Translate the extract using a dictionary. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say what Dr. Martin undertook to save the girl's life:

Text D

Mary was a child of seven or eight. Doctor Martin found her lips and fin­gers blue, and her face pale. From time to time she made an effort to breathe deeply and coughed up much saliva with grayish specks.

It was, he considered, quinsy or diphtheria. Probably diphtheria. No time now for bacteriological examinations and many other clinical tests. The doctor was watching the girl nervously trying her pulse again and again.

Doctor Martin decided to get diphtheria antitoxin from the nearby town and asked the child's father to ring up the chemist's there.

Martin was waiting nervously looking at the child. Her hoarse breathing became terrible. Should he operate: cut into the larynx so that she might breathe?

235He had to do something. "Get a few hot towels and keep them around her neck," Martin said to the child's mother. At that moment the child's father appeared telling him that there was nobody at the chemist's. "Then listen. I am afraid this may be serious. I must get some antitoxin. I am going to drive to town myself. You continue these hot applications. And the room must be moister. So keep a little boiling water here. No use of medicine now. I'll be back soon."

From "Arrowsmith" by Sinclair Lewis. {Adapted)

LESSON 5O

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