 |
vocabulary on terrorism. war and war conflicts. the roots of war. pre-reading task
|
|
|
|
VOCABULARY ON TERRORISM
Abduct(v)
Abduction (n)
Abductor(n)
Acknowledge (v) be acknowledged as a martyr; a generally
acknowledged fact
Assassin (n) hired ~
Assassinate (v) ~ an important or famous person, especially for
political reasons
Assassination (n) ~ attempts
Atrocity (n) terrorist ~
Besiege (v) ~ a plane, building, a city
Brand (v) to be branded as liars and cheats
Breakthrough (n) to make / achieve a ~; a significant ~ in
negotiations
Claim (v) ~ a major breakthrough in the fight against
terrorism; ~ responsibility
Condemn (v) ~ the killings, violence war, terrorism
Condemnation (n)
Condone (v)
Crime(n) commit a~, ~ against humanity, organized ~,
~prevention, war~, serious/petty ~, to turn to ~,
|
|
|
~rate, ~ wave
Criminal (adj) ~ offences, ~ damage, ~negligence
Deliberate (adj) ~ killing, murder
Deter (v)
Deterrence (n)
Distort (v) ~ information, facts
Distortion (n)
Diverse (adj) ~ methods
Emerge (v)
Emergence (n)
Expulsion (n) ~ of native people from their lands
Extradite (v) ~ the suspects from the country
Extradition (n) ~ of terrorist suspects, an extradition treaty, to start
extradition proceedings
Extremism (n) political, religious ~
Extremist (n) left-wing / right-wing / political / religious ~;
~ attacks / groups / policies
Eyewitness (n) ~ of a crime, car accident
Fugitive (n and adj) a ~ from justice, a ~ criminal, a ~ idea/thought
Gain (n)
Grieve (v) ~ for/over; ~ for the dead child, grieving relatives
Grievous(adj) ~ injustice
Hijack (v) ~ a plane or any other vehicle
Hijacker (n)
Hostage (n) to take a~, to hold a ~, to release a ~, hostage-
taker, hostage-taking
Hostile (adj) hostile to smb/sth: ~ conditions, ~ attitude,
~territory, ~ reception
Hostility (n) open ~, public ~
|
|
|
Ill-informed (adj) ~ public, reader
Inspiration (n)
Inspire (v) ~ terror, politically-inspired killings
Interrogate (v) ~ a criminal, be interrogated by the police
Interrogator (n)
Intimidate (v) ~ the civilian population
Intimidation (n) ~ of witnesses
Intimidator (n)
Kidnap (v) ~ citizens, businessmen, demand the charge of~,
be kidnapped by terrorists
Kidnapper (n)
Law enforcement officials
Maim (v)
Militant (n and adj) ~ groups, leaders
Offence (n ) a criminal / serious / minor / sexual, ~; a first
offence,
commit an ~, ~ against society/humanity/the state;
take ~, cause~
Offender(n) criminal ~
Offensive (adj)
Outrage (n) terrorist ~
Perpetrate sth against sb(v) ~ a crime, a fraud, a massacre
Perpetrator (n) ~ of crimes
Punish sb for sth (v) to be punished with death penalty
Punishable (adj) a crime punishable by / with
imprisonment
Punishment (n) to inflict~, to impose ~, mete out ~: capital ~,
corporal ~
Ramification (n) social ~
Ransom (n and v) ~ demand/note, ~ money, hold sb to ransom
Release (v) ~ a hostage, a prisoner
|
|
|
Restrain (v) ~ anger, tears; be restrained by the police
Retaliation (n)
Search (n and v) ~ the area for clues; ~ through bags; in search of sth
a thorough ~, a search and rescue team
Seize (v) ~ power, ~ control of the country; ~ a chance, the
initiative
Strive for (v) ~ for the highest standards, striving against
corruption
Suicide bomber (n)
Sympathizer (n) terrorist ~, communist ~
Traitor (n) to turn ~, traitor to sb/sth, ~ to the socialist cause
Traitorous (adj) ~ mass media
Vilification (n) constant ~
Vilify (v)
Warfare (n) air, naval, guerrilla ~, be engaged in ~,
to degenerate into open ~
PHRASES
Blur the differentiation
Bring about a halt
Bring about close cooperation
Bring peace
Bring under control
By way of background
Carry out attacks
Carry war to other countries
Claim responsibility
Combat terrorism
Commit a murder
Concerted effort
Detonate bombs
Dismember a country, empire
Enact law
Engage in illegal and clandestine kidnapping
Escalate into open warfare
Favour political and military action
Foiled terror plot
Frustrate terrorist activity
Give low priority
Guerilla forces
Harbour criminals
Hold hostages
Intensify terrorist campaign
Make sacrifices
Overthrow the government
Place restrictions on diplomatic missions
Plant a bomb
Position anti-terrorist troops
Prime device
Prolong struggle
Regain the lost territories
Release victims, hostages
Render a bomb harmless
Renew campaign
Resist the expansion
Set deadline
Spill everything
Stall for time
Strive for political status
Take a struggle
Take hostages
Wage war
Wield state power
Wipe out the fledgling country
WAR AND WAR CONFLICTS
THE ROOTS OF WAR
PRE-READING TASK
1. Have you ever thought about people’s cruelty and ruthlessness to one another? What are the reasons for them?
2. Why are there so many hot spots on our planet? Is it in people’s blood to solve conflicts through violence and slaughter?
|
|
|
It can never be proved, but it is a safe assumption that the first time five thousand male human beings were ever gathered together in one place, they belonged to an army. That event probably occurred around 7000 BC — give or take a thousand years — and it is an equally safe bet that the first truly large-scale slaughter of people in human history happened very soon afterward.
The first army almost certainly carried weapons no different from those that hunters had been using on animals and on each other for thousands of years previously - spears, knives, axes, perhaps bows and arrows. Its strength didn't lie in mere numbers; what made it an army was organization and discipline. The multitude of men obeyed a single commander and killed his enemies to achieve his goals. It was the most awesome concentration of power the human world had ever seen, and nothing except another army could hope to resist it.
The battle that occurred when two such armies fought has little in common with the clashes of primitive warfare. Thousands of men were crowded together in tight formations that moved on command and marched in step. Drill, practised over many days and months until it became automatic, is what transformed these men from a mob of individual fighters into an army. (The basic forms of military drill are among the most pervasive and unchanging elements of human civilization. The Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian armies of 1900 BC stepped off " by the left", and so has every army down to the present day. )
And when the packed formations of well-drilled men collided on the forgotten battlefields of the earliest kingdoms, what happened was quite impersonal, though every man died his own death. It was not the traditional combat between individual warriors. The soldiers were pressed forward by the ranks behind them against the anonymous strangers in that part of the enemy line facing them, and though in the end it was pairs of individuals who thrust at each other with spears for a few moments before one went down, there was nothing personal in the exchange. " Their shields locked, they pushed, fought, killed, and died. There was no shouting, and yet not silence either, but rather such a noise as might be made by the angry clash of armed men. "
The result of such a merciless struggle in a confined place is killing on an unprecedented scale. Hundreds or thousands of men would die in half an hour, in an area no bigger than a couple of football fields. " The battle over, one could see on the site of the struggle the ground covered with blood, friend and foe lying dead on one another, shields broken, spears shattered and unsheathed swords, some on the ground, some fixed in corpses, some still held in the hands of the dead. It was now getting late, so they dragged the enemy corpses inside their lines, had a meal and went to rest.
And the question we rarely ask, because our history is replete with such scenes, is, How could men do this? After all, in the tribal cultures from which we all come originally, they could not have done it. Being a warrior and taking part in a ritual battle with a small but invigorating element of risk is one thing; the mechanistic and anonymous mass slaughter of civilized warfare is quite another, and any traditional warrior would do the sensible thing and leave instantly. Yet civilized men, from 5000 BC or from today, will stay at such scenes of horror even in the knowledge that they will probably die within the next few minutes. The invention of armies required more than just working out ways of drilling large numbers of people to act together, although that was certainty part of the formula. A formation of drilled men has a different psychology - a controlled form of mob psychology - that tends to overpower the sense of personal identity and fears of the individuals that make it up.
We assume that people will kill if they find themselves in a situation where their own survival is threatened, and nobody needs lessons to learn how to die. What is less obvious is that practically anybody can be persuaded and manipulated in such a way that he will more or less voluntarily enter a situation wherein he must kill and perhaps die. Yet, if that were not true, battles would be impossible, and civilization would have never taken a different course (if indeed it arose at all). [15, p198-200]
|
|
|
