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6 The ascending stepping head. The low level head.
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6 The ascending stepping head. The low level head.
Head -is a part of an intonation-group stretches from the first fully stressed syllable(including it) and extends up to the nuclear.
Onset -the first fully stressed syllable, with which the head begins.
The ascending stepping head is often combined with the high falling or rising tones. There is often a feeling of surprise, protest, or impatience. It can be used to express emphasis and for contrast
Why are you 'critisizing ‘me?
The Ascending Head
Used with High Fall and High Rise.
Ascending Head cause the listener to highlight the main information at the end.
feels: impatient, surprised, protesting, disbelief or enthusiastic approval and support.
It's so good that you came!
Low Head
Used in: Low Narrow, Fall Low and Narrow Rise
In the Low Head all the syllables - stressed and unstressed - are pronounced in the low pitch zone of the speaker's voice
feels: cool, detached, phlegmatic, disinterested or disapproving attitude.
I'm not sure if this is a good idea...
7 The English sound system. Principles of classification of consonants.
Phonetics is a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the study of the sounds used in speech.
In the English alphabet there are 26 letters, but these letters produce 44 sounds. These sounds are classified into two types: consonants(24) and vowels(20).
A consonant sound is one in which the air stream coming out of the lungs is modified in the mouth cavity by some blockage created by the tongue, lips, etc.
Consonants are classified according to how they are produced.
The articulatory description for each consonant includes three pieces of information: the voicing, the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation
Consonants are classified according to:
* the voicing that are made by vibrating the vocal chords
for voiced consonants like [z] and [v], the vocal folds vibrate.
for voiceless sounds like [s] and [f], the vocal folds are held apart to let air pass through.
* the place of articulation is where the obstruction in the vocal tract occurs
If we obstruct our vocal tract at the lips, like for the sounds [b] and [p], the place of articulation is bilabial.
The consonants [f] and [v] are made with the top teeth on the bottom lip, so these are called labiodental sounds.
Move your tongue to the ridge above and behind your top teeth and make a [t] or [d]; these are alveolar sounds.
The only true palatal sound that English has is [j] produced by raising the blade, or front, of the tongue toward
And if you bring the back of your tongue up against the back of the soft palate, you produce the velar sounds [k] and [ɡ ].
And of course English has a glottal fricative made right at the larynx, the sound [h].
* the manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lip, jaw and other speech organs are involved in making a sound
There are 4 categories of consonants : Stops. fricatives. approximants. affricates
* stops consonants
They are produced by some form of «blocking» or «stopping» of the air stream briefly, then letting it to go abruptly.
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- nasal stops [ ŋ ] thing
Air is stopped in the oral cavity but velum is down so that air can go through the nose
* fricatives
Almost blocking the air stream and force it through a narrow opening
- labiodental [f] [v] fan safer saver
lower lips in contact with the upper teeth.
- dental [θ ] [ð ] thumb thus father
the tongue is placed between the teeth
- alveolar [s] [z] sip zip rice
same place of articulation as t n d. the air escapes through a narrow passage along the center of the tongue and the sound produced is comparatively inside
- post-alveolar [ ʃ ] [3] ship garage Russia
the tongue is in contact with an area slightly further back than that for [s] [z] if you make [ ʃ ], you should be able to feel your tongue move backwards
the air escapes through a passage along the center of the tongue as in [s] and [ ʃ ], but the passage is a little wider
- glottal [h] ahead head
the narrowing that produced the function noise is between the vocal folds
* approximants [w] [y] [l] [r] we you led rip
they are produced with the tongue moving or gliding, to or from the position of a nearby vowel
* affricates [t͡ ʃ ], [d͡ ʒ ]
[t͡ ʃ ], [d͡ ʒ ] are affricate sounds, which you produce by blocking off the breath for a stop and a fricative.
combine a brief stopping of the air flow with a release 2 affricate sounds “ch” “j” church jeep
8 The English sound system. Principles of classification of vowels.
Phonetics is a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the study of the sounds used in speech.
In the English alphabet there are 26 letters, but these letters produce 44 sounds. These sounds are classified into two types: consonants(24) and vowels(20).
Vowel is a sound when the air stream has no obstruction on its during of articulation. The vowel
sounds are the musical and melodic.
There are only 5 vowel letters in English (a, e, i, o, u), but the sounds indicated by these 5 letters are 20.
A vowel sound is produced when the air comes out of the mouth freely without any blockage in the mouth cavity by the tongue, teeth, lips, etc.
The vowel sounds are of two types:
Single vowel sounds. when we use single sounds. (a-mam. o-dog)
Double vowel sounds (ua-walk ia-yaght) when several sounds are combined into one sound.
Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.
* Tongue height can be high, mid, or low.
Vowels are classified in terms of how much space there is between the tongue and the roof of the mouth, which is determined by the height of the tongue.
There are three primary height distinctions among vowels: high (close), low (open), and mid .
* Vowels are classified in terms of how far the raised body of the tongue is from the back of the mouth, which is called the backness of the tongue.
There are three primary height distinctions among vowels: front, back, and central.
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* Another aspect of vowel classification is the presence or absence of lip rounding
- when the lips are neutral or spread, the vowels are called unrounded: [i: ], [ı ], [e], [æ ], [a: ], [з: ], [ә ].
- when the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less round, the vowels are called rounded: [Ŋ ], [Ɔ: ], [ʊ ], [u: ].
* Another aspect of vowel classification is commonly characterized in terms of the tenseness or laxness of the articulators.
Some vowels, such as /i/ and /e/, are formed with a high degree of tenseness are called tense vowels.
Some vowels, such as / ɪ / and / ɜ : /, are formed without a high degree of tenseness, and are called lax vowels.
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