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9 The expressive potential of compound tunes.
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9 The expressive potential of compound tunes.
Compound Tunes are intonation groups having more than one kinetic tone.
The most common types of compound tunes are:
High Rise + High Rise Low Rise + Fall Fall + Fall-Rise Fall-Rise + Fall Fall + Fall
High Rise + High Rise – typically occurs in General questions.
It gives them a feeling of surprise or incredulity.
¯ Aren’t you ˝ ready yet?
A compound tune may contain more than one High Rising tone in the Head. This intonation pattern is often used in questions addressed to children. ˊ Won’t you ˊ wait for your ˊ sister?
Low Rise + Fall – usually gives a feeling of:
mystification and puzzlement to questions ‚Why didn’t he ‵ wait?
persuasiveness ‚Go and ‶ see him.
wonderment to exclamations. ‚How an‶ noying!
Fall + Fall-Rise – usually serves to give special emphasis. The Fall-Rise has a tinge of apologetic tone or reproach
I ‵ don’t think he ought to be ‚angry. ‵ Don’t make so much ‚fuss about it.
Fall-Rise + Fall – serves to highlight words to make them expressive
I’d `ˊ rather ‵ not.
Fall + Fall – this complex tune gives a sense of perseverance in questions and a special accent.
Why ‶ ever didn’t you ‶ say so be‵ fore?
We must ‶ tell him and ‶ worn him im‵ mediately.
‶ Don’t ever ‶ do that a‶ gain. ‵ What a ‵ wonderful sur‵ prise!
10 The falling-rising tones The rising-falling tones.
Intonation in English is very important. It shows your feelings and the purpose of the conversation.
Intonationdescribes how the voice rises and falls in speech.
Intonation pattern is the way a person's voice raises and lowers depending on what they are talking about.
There are two basic intonation patterns: ↗ Rising and ↘ Falling.
There are also rising-falling and falling-rising intonations:
| Rise-Fall Intonation (➚ ➘ ) (The intonation rises and then falls. ) | Fall-Rise Intonation (➘ ➚ ) (The voice falls and rises usually within one word. ) |
| We use rise-fall intonation for choices, lists, unfinished thoughts and conditional sentences | The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the speaker is not certain of the answer they are giving to a question, or is reluctant to reply. It is also used in polite requests or suggestions. |
| * Choices(alternative questions. ) Are you having ➚ soup or ➘ salad? * Lists(rising, rising, rising, falling) Intonation falls on the last item to show that the list is finished. I like ➚ football, tennis, basketball and ➘ volleyball. * Unfinished thoughts (partial statements) In the responses to the following questions, the rise-fall intonation indicates reservation. The speaker hesitates to fully express his/her thoughts. What was the meal like? -Hmm, the ➚ fish was ➘ good... (but the rest wasn't great). * Conditional sentences (The tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the second clause. ) If you have any ➚ problems, just ➘ contact us. | * Hesitation/reluctance: You didn't see him on Monday? - I don't quite ➘ re➚ member.. * Politeness-Doubt-Uncertainty: (You are not sure what the answer might be. ) Should we ➘ cop➚ y the list? |
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11 The high level head. The gradually descending stepping head The broken head
1. The High Head –all the syllables in this type of head are said on the same rather high pitch. There is only one fully stressed syllable on the first important word.
|Masha is. always. making the same \mistake.
The function -the High Head is common for conversation.
2. Gradually Descending Stepping Head –is characterized by a descending overall tone. Each fully stressed syllable beginning with the second is lower in pitch than the preceding one. Unstressed and partially stressed syllables are said on the same pitch as the preceding fully stressed syllable.
|Let’s have a |look at this |beautiful \picture.
This type of head may be used with any nuclear tone (Rising, Falling, Falling-rising, Rising-Falling). It is sometimes called the most typical (normal) kind of head in English.
The function -the Stepping Head is common for: 1) reading aloud; 2) formal conversation; 3) lecturing, etc.
3. The Broken Head –is characterized by an upward break somewhere in the middle of the head, after witch a downward movement is continued.
The effect of an upward break is achieved by pronouncing one of the stressed syllables on rather a higher pitch-level than the preceding one. The break is usually made on any fully stressed syllable beginning with the third.
My dad has |told the. story. about it |hundreds of |times to \all of us.
– In this example the word “hundreds” is pronounced on rather a higher pitch-level than the preceding one, after witch a downward movement is continued.
12 The major phonetic phenomena and processes.
Phonetics is a branch of language that studies sounds and how they interact with each other.
Phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another.
I tell you about the main phonetics processes, such as aspiration, palatalization, nasal plosion and so on
Aspiration – is the phonetic phenomenon in which such consonants as [p], [t], [k] are followed by a stressed vowel with aspiration, that is with strongly expelled breath: pin [pʰ ɪ n], tin [tʰ ɪ n], kin [kʰ ɪ n].
Loss of Aspiration – when [s] precedes or follows [p, t, k], there is practically no aspiration, for ex «kin» [kʰ ɪ n] (asp) and «skin» (no asp) [skɪ n], «neck» [nekʰ ] and «necks» [neks].
Palatalization – is a softening of consonants.
view [vʲ ju: ]. hit you [hɪ t͡ ʃ jə ] miss you [mɪ ʃ jɘ ]
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Assimilation – is a qualitative assimilation of sound, when 2 sounds come together and change or melt into a new sound. May happen inside a word, or between 2 words, when the final sound of a word touches the first sound of the next word
Some sounds in a word or phrase are written, but not pronounced, that is, they disappear during oral speech. We write sandwich, but say [ˡ sæ nnwɪ ʤ > ˡ sæ nwɪ ʤ ].
There are 4 type of assimilation: progressive, regressive, a. with W, absence of a.
1) progressive p t k f v w s z θ ð 3 f (звук ш с хвостиком, не ф) + r
the previous sound affects the next
spring, skrim
2) regressive t d n l s z + θ ð
all consonants become dental
In the text [ in ð ə tekst ], seventh, tenth, it is this = it’s this
3) a. with W tw kw sw dw gw
all consonants become labialized
sweet, twice swim
4) absence of a. θ ð + t d n l s z
the quality of these consonants in any combination of them with each other must remain unchanged.
smiths deaths fifths
LATERAL PLOSION - is a phonetical phenomenon of close articulation of plosive consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) with lateral sonorant ( l ), when the air stream passes along the sites of the tongue. ( place, blow, I’d like)
LOSS OF PLOSION – is a phonetical phenomenon, when 2 plosive consonants are in contact within a word or at a word junction and the plosion is heard only after the second consonant(BIG GIRL, BAD TIME)
NASAL PLOSION –- is a phonetical phenomenon of close articulation of plosive consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) with the nasal sonorant [m, n], when the air stream passes throug the the nasal cavity. ( SHOULD`N, MEET MY FRIEND. )
FRICATIVE PLOSION – is a phonetical phenomenon of close articulation of plosive consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and a fricative consonant [s, z] within a word or at a word junction. As a result the obstruction removed and the plosion is heard during the pronunciation of a fricative: (SITS, NEEDS, FICTION).
LINKING[r]- is a phonetical phenomenon at the junction of 2 words the 1st of which ends in the letter [r, re], and the seconds begins with a vowel, the sound[r] is pronounced at the end of the first word (never again, father and mother)
Intrusive [r] - is a phonetical phenomenon at the junction of 2 words, when the 1st word has no [r] in spelling (idea of, Law and order → Law[r]and order. )
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