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13 The notion of a supraphrasal unity, its prosodic features.
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13 The notion of a supraphrasal unity, its prosodic features.
A SPU is a minimal text-unit consisting of two or more sentences, united by a common topic.
In some cases the SPU may coincide with the text. If it a short one. For example, an advertisement in the newspaper.
However, most commonly a SPU is a component of a larger text.
The SPU is characterized by topical, communicative, structural completeness. In spoken language it is identified with the help of prosodic features (pitch, loudness and tempo).
First of all, there are constant prosodic markers distinguishing initial, median and final phrases in the unity. these are the features of pitch, loudness and tempo. The pitch of the onset syllable in an initial phrase is higher than in the following phrases.
The tempo of speech slower at the beginning and end of the SPU and faster in the middle. An important feature is a pause which is longer than any of the pauses separating the phrases within the unity. It is the so-called three-unit pause.
The degree of finality is a semantic completeness of the utterance. The last utterance in a unity has mid wide fall, low narrow fall. In the non-final phrases- high narrow fall, mid narrow fall. In the initial and median phrases -low rise, fall-rise.
The placement of the nucleus in such phrases can only be justified by a larger context.
14 The pitch. The tune.
Pitch is one of the vital parts of speaking and listening in most languages in the world.
In English, the pitch and intonation itself are especially important, because in English the same sentence, but with different intonation, has different meanings.
Pitch is important in both individual words and whole sentences
Pitch is a phonatory prosody, is the ability thanks to which we can recognize sound on a scale from low to high. Pitch can be low or high as in music.
The pitch of a sound depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cords. In a sound with a high pitch, there is higher frequency of vibration than in a sound with a low pitch.
What did you put in my drink, Jane? (unhappiness) What did you put in my drink, Jane? (name of the drink)
Many kinds of information can be conveyed by variation in pitch i. e.
* Personal characteristics of the speaker, such as gender, age, emotional state.
She is not 18 years old. She's not crying now, but she's sad
* Designate syntactic units. We use pitch to indicate the end of a sentence. The last syllable has a lower pitch
I don't go to school on Monday.
* Questions and incomplete statements have a higher tone.
Did you really buy a dog? Is it real?
The term tune refers to the pitch pattern of the whole intonation-group.
Intonational group - a speech segment that contains 1 stressed syllable, into which the voice changes.
Intonation patterns containing several syllables consist of several parts: the pre-head, the head, the nucleus and the tail. That is, in such a sentence there will certainly be some kind of introduction, the main part, the core and the so-called " tail".
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Now in more detail: The intonation group consists of
1. PREHEAD prescale
all syllables up to the first semi-stressed, not including it
2. HEAD scale
all syllables from the first semi-hinged, not including it
3 core NUCLEUS
A syllable carrying a nuclear (terminal) tone is the last stressed syllable
4 TAIL
all syllables after kinetic
I (1) want to meet your (2) family (3) at 5 o’clock (4)
15 The principles of classification of head types.
Intonational group - a speech segment that contains 1 stressed syllable, into which the voice changes.
Intonation patterns containing several syllables consist of several parts: the pre-head, the head, the nucleus and the tail.
I would like to tell you about THE HEAD
The head - is a parts of intonation-group, which stretches from the 1st fully stressed syllable (including it) and extends up to the nucleus.
Onset- the 1st fully stressed syllable with which the head begins.
The head is an optional, but 70% sentences have it.
The head plays an important role in conveying the speaker’s attitude and feelings towards the listener, the subject-matter and the situation, in other words, it is relevant for expressing the attitudinal meaning and emotional colouring of an utterance.
Head patterns can be classified in different ways.
The main criterion of descriptions and classifications of the head is pitch movement over the head.
1 According to this criterion head patterns in English are classified into three major types: descending, ascending and level.
1) Descending (падение сверху вниз)- the first fully stressed syllable is said on a high pitch, each following fully stressed syllable always begins lower than the preceding stressed syllable
is 
really worth 
seeing.
2) Ascending (нарастание интонации) the first fully stressed syllable is said on a low pitch; each following fully stressed syllabic always begins higher than the preceding one.
What in the 
world makes you 
think so?
3) Level (средне, нет контрастов) - there are no perceptible contrasts in the initial pitch-height of the successive stressed syllables.
Pray don’t mention his name a 
gain.
2 According to the pitch movement within each stress-group
* The syllables can move down by the steps, then the heads is called STEPPING. In the stepping head unstressed syllables are pronounced on the same note as the proceeding step.
----- descending
. He is ‘ two ‘ hours ‘ late again.
----- ascending
You’d better try and make sure
----- level
Pray don’t ‘ mention his ‘ name again
* There are cases when unstressed or partially stressed syllables move up, they are pronounced higher than the stressed syllables. This type of descending head is called SCANDENT
----- descending
Don’t forget to remind me about it
----- ascending
I thought you’d already gone
----- level
Come next Sunday
* If the voice moves down by slides within stressed syllables, the head is called SLIDING. Unstressed or partially stressed syllables between the slides usually continue to fall.
----- descending
Tell him exactly what you think
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----- ascending
Seven hundred a week
----- level
Try one more then
3 According to the relative prominence among the semantic items in the prenuclear
хз что это можно не говорить
1)One-pick head 2)Double-pick head 3)Mixed head
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