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16 The principles of dividing utterances into intonation groups.
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16 The principles of dividing utterances into intonation groups.
Intonational group - a speech segment that contains 1 stressed syllable, into which the voice changes.
Intonation patterns containing several syllables consist of several parts: the pre-head, the head, the nucleus and the tail. That is, in such a sentence there will certainly be some kind of introduction, the main part, the core and the so-called " tail".
All sentences are divided into intonation groups. These are the so-called segments, which are complete in meaning.
Each intonation group has its own intonation, which demonstrates whether a thought is complete in a sentence or not. In simple sentences, the intonation group is a simple melody.
Utterances that consist of more than one intonation group form a combined melody. This is typical for complex sentences in which there are complex parts of the predicate, adverbs, turns, comparisons, etc. The choice of the number of intonation groups in the utterance also depends on the type and form of speech.
Each intonation group ends with fall or rise tone of the last (only) stressed syllable.
A fall tone expresses completeness of thought, approval, or categorical judgment.
For example: It's simple. I'm studying French.
Also we use fall tone with not very emotional declarative sentences, exclamation and imperative sentences, special questions, as well as the second part of alternative questions.
A rise tone is used in separate parts of a sentence that are incomplete in meaning; inquiries, general questions, the first part of alternative questions. For example: Is it ten?
17 The rising and falling nuclear tones in the English language.
Intonation in English is very important. It shows your feelings and the purpose of the conversation.
Intonationdescribes how the voice rises and falls in speech.
Intonation pattern is the way a person's voice raises and lowers depending on what they are talking about.
There are two basic intonation patterns: ↗ Rising and ↘ Falling.
We use rising intonation in the following cases:
* In a question that can be answered " yes" or " no":
Do you like reading ↗ books?
* In the request-proposal:
Could you ↗ help me?
* After entering words and adverbs at the beginning of a sentence:
Sometimes ↗ I read books.
* When contacting someone:
↗ Luke, ↘ come here.
* When listing each list (except the last word in the list):
I’m going to buy ↗ chocolate, ↗ meat, and ↘ eggs.
* At the beginning of the alternate question:
Do you ↗ work or ↘ relax?
* In the dividing question, if you want to know the answer to it, and do not specify the information:
You are a teacher, ↗ aren’t you?
(That is, you do not know who the person works, express your point of view, but you do not know the exact answer to your question. )
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We use falling intonation in the following cases:
* Upon approval:
I like ↘ reading books.
* In a special question:
↘ Where are you?
* At command or order.
It is important not to confuse this case with a request. If you ask someone for something, you do not know whether he will agree to do it or not. In the case of an order or instruction, it makes no sense to raise the tone, giving it a questioning note. You already know that the command will be executed, so you are arguing rather than asking:
↘ Help him.
* In an exclamation clause:
How ↘ interesting!
* In the second part of the alternate question:
Is it ↗ Mary or ↘ Sarah?
* In the dividing question, if you already know the answer to it, just clarify the information (in fact, you are claiming something):
You haven’t bought any meat, ↘ have you?
There are also rising-falling and falling-rising intonations:
| Rise-Fall Intonation (➚ ➘ ) (The intonation rises and then falls. ) | Fall-Rise Intonation (➘ ➚ ) (The voice falls and rises usually within one word. ) |
| We use rise-fall intonation for choices, lists, unfinished thoughts and conditional sentences | The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the speaker is not certain of the answer they are giving to a question, or is reluctant to reply. It is also used in polite requests or suggestions. |
| * Choices(alternative questions. ) Are you having ➚ soup or ➘ salad? * Lists(rising, rising, rising, falling) Intonation falls on the last item to show that the list is finished. I like ➚ football, tennis, basketball and ➘ volleyball. * Unfinished thoughts (partial statements) In the responses to the following questions, the rise-fall intonation indicates reservation. The speaker hesitates to fully express his/her thoughts. What was the meal like? -Hmm, the ➚ fish was ➘ good... (but the rest wasn't great). * Conditional sentences (The tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the second clause. ) If you have any ➚ problems, just ➘ contact us. | * Hesitation/reluctance: You didn't see him on Monday? - I don't quite ➘ re➚ member.. * Politeness-Doubt-Uncertainty: (You are not sure what the answer might be. ) Should we ➘ cop➚ y the list? |
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