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Participle I, II; the NAPC; the Gerund
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Vocabulary
adjustment (n.) – регулировка, приспособление, пригонка
adopt (v.) – принимать
average (adj.) – средний
calibrate (v.) – калибровать, градуировать
centigrade (adj.) – стоградусный
define (v.) – определять
degree (n.) – градус; степень
determine (v.) – определять
difference (n.) – различие
employ (v.) – применять, использовать
equilibrium (n.) – равновесие
express (v.) – выражать
latter (adj.) – последний (из упомянутых)
magnitude (n.) – величина
measure (v.) – измерять
notion (n.) – идея, понятие, представление
otherwise (adv.) – иначе, в противном случае
pure (adj.) – чистый
relate (v.) – относиться, иметь отношение, быть связанным
respectively (adv.) – соответственно
revise (v.) – проверять, пересматривать, перерабатывать
scale (n.) – шкала; масштаб
select (v.) – выбирать
single (adj.) – один, единственный, одиночный
triple (adj.) – тройной
underlie (v.) – лежать в основе
unique (adj.) – уникальный, исключительный, единственный
value (n.) – значение
variety (n.) – разнообразие
I. Read and translate the text.
Temperature
Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that is hotter generally has the higher temperature.
Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature is defined as the average energy of microscopic motion of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. On the macroscopic scale, temperature is the unique physical property determining the direction of heat flow between two objects placed in thermal contact. No heat flow occurring, the two objects have the same temperature; otherwise heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object.
Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales.
There are three main temperature scales in use today, Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.
The Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts. The 18th century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally took as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice-salt mixture and selected the values of 30 and 90 for the freezing point of water and normal body temperature, respectively; these later were revised to 32 and 96, but the final scale required an adjustment to 98.6 for the latter value.
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Until the 1970s the Fahrenheit temperature scale was in general common use in English-speaking countries; the Celsius, or Centigrade, scale being employed in most other countries and for scientific purposes worldwide. Since that time, however, most English-speaking countries have officially adopted the Celsius scale. The conversion formula for a temperature that is expressed on the Celsius (C) scale to its Fahrenheit (F) representation is: F=9/5C+32.
The Celsius temperature scale, also called Centigrade temperature scale, is the scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water. Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes called the Centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined points. The following formula can be used to convert a temperature from its representation on the Fahrenheit (F) scale to the Celsius (C) value: C=9/5(F-32). The Celsius scale is in general use wherever metric units have become accepted, and it is used in scientific work everywhere.
The Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement. It is defined as 1/273.16 of the triple point (equilibrium among the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases) of pure water. The Kelvin (symbol K without the degree sign) is also the fundamental unit of the Kelvin scale, an absolute temperature scale named after the British physicist William Thomson, Baron Kelvin. Such a scale has as its zero point absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which the molecules of a substance have the lowest energy. Many physical laws and formulas can be expressed more simply when an absolute temperature scale is used; accordingly, the Kelvin scale has been adopted as the international standard for scientific temperature measurement. The Kelvin scale is related to the Celsius scale. The difference between the freezing and boiling points of water being 100 degrees in each, the Kelvin has the same magnitude as the degree Celsius.
II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents.
Thermodynamics, micro(macro)scopic, to define, to determine, direction, thermal contact, thermometers, to calibrate, interval, mixture, to select, normal, final, phase, symbol, standard.
III. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words.
1. Temperature is the unique physical property determining the direction of heat flow between two bodies.
2. Heat flows from the hotter object to the colder one.
3. Thermometers measure temperatures of physical bodies.
4. This system gives people a measure of protection against pollution.
5. There are three main temperature scales in use.
6. Scientists all over the world use the Kelvin scale for their temperature measurement.
7. Remove the cause of the trouble.
8. Operation of the machine causes vibration.
9. The process occurs at constant temperature.
10. Computers process data as it is received.
IV. Match synonyms. Make sentences of your own. Ask your partners to translate them.
| 1. define | a. range |
| 2. select | b. name |
| 3. call | c. mean |
| 4. interval | d. determine |
| 5. average | e. choose |
| 6. adopt | f. accept |
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V. Put the words in the correct order to make a question. Ask your partner to answer it.
1. are / scales / in / temperature / today / use / how many?
2. invented / scale / who / the Centigrade?
3. the Kelvin / adopted / why / as / the international standard / has / for / been / measurement / scale?
VI. Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements.
1. The Fahrenheit temperature scale is also called Centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the main points.
2. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
3. No heat flow occurring, the two objects have different temperatures.
4. The Kelvin scale was named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel, Baron Kelvin.
5. The British astronomer Anders Celsius invented his scale in 1842.
VII. Answer the following questions to the text.
1. How can we define temperature?
2. Which three temperature scales do we use today?
3. What do you know about the scientists who invented temperature scales?
4. How can we convert the temperature readings on the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius one and vice versa?
5. Why is the Celsius scale also called the Centigrade one?
6. What is absolute zero?
7. Where is the Kelvin temperature scale used?
VIII. Make the summary of the text ‘Temperature’.
Unit 14
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