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The Infinitive; the Infinitive Constructions
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Vocabulary
ailment (n.) – болезнь
appear (v.) – появляться; казаться
attract (v.) – привлекать, притягивать
be keen (v.) – желать
casual (adj.) – обычный
consist of (v.) – состоять из
convince (v.) – убеждать
decide (v.) – решать
describe (v.) – описывать
engineering (n.) – техника
enough – достаточно
film (n.) – пленка
food (n.) – пища
frighten (v.) – пугать
head (n.) – головка
in turn – в свою очередь
ingest (v.) – потреблять
inherent (adj.) – присущий, свойственный
meaning (n.) – значение
particle (n.) – частица
pin (n.) – булавка
pico – первая составная часть сложных слов – названий единиц измерения, обозначающая уменьшение в триллион раз
precision (n.) – точность
promote (v.) – продвигать, способствовать, поддерживать
rather than – лучше, охотнее, скорее, а не
reach (v.) – достигать
recognize (v.) – признавать
reference (n.) – ссылка
repel (v.) – отражать, отталкивать
self- – само-, себя-
stick (stuck, stuck) (v.) – приклеивать
target (v.) – направлять, нацеливать
tend (v.) – стремиться, иметь тенденцию
term (n.) – термин
worry about (v.) – беспокоиться по поводу
I. Read and translate the text.
What is a nano?
We listen to our music on nanos, we style our hair with nanos, with the arrival of the Tata Nano[2] people will even be driving nanos, but what exactly is a nano?
Once upon a time the Greeks used the word ‘nanos’ to mean ‘a dwarf[3]’. This term was used in science in the 20th сentury and in 1960 it was recognized when the term nanometre came into use, meaning a billionth of a metre. It could be thought of as about 10 atoms long.
In 1959 the legendary physicist Richard Feynman gave a speech about the possibility of machines being used to build smaller machines which would in turn build smaller machines until you reached a near atomic scale of a machine. He asked: ‘Why can’t we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin?’
Feynman did not use the term ‘nano’, but in 1974 Norio Taniguchi used the word ‘nanotechnology’ to describe ultra-precision engineering. It is this meaning that attracts the technology marketers.
Nanotechnology is known to be used in many spheres. We know nano to be widely used in chemistry. An example might be a self-cleaning window which uses a film that has been manipulated at a nano level to be hydrophilic (attracted to water) on one side so it sticks to the glass, while being hydrophobic on the other. Nano-textiles that have inherent water-repelling properties are now available.
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Nanotechnology opens up the possibility that one day most medicines will consist of particles engineered to target the ailment being treated, rather than being absorbed by many parts of the body unnecessarily. But the critics are worried that not enough is known about these engineered particles and what happens when they are ingested.
The Institute of Nanotechnology (Scotland) is particularly keen to promote understanding of the use of nanotechnology in food. It is not hard to see why. To the casual observer it appears that nanotechnology in everyday objects frightens people much less than the prospect of actually ingesting nanotechnology. It is going to be a long journey to convince people. But the nano seems to stay in consumer technology. At least that is, until an MP3 manufacturer decides to call their product ‘pico’ in reference to a trillionth.
II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents.
Music, to style, legendary, encyclopedia, film, to manipulate, hydrophilic (phobic) textile, medicine, critic.
III. Make compounds from the components given below. Let your partners translate them.
| 1. any | a. repelling |
| 2. short | b. day |
| 3. soft | c. one |
| 4. English | d. graphy |
| 5. self | e. hand |
| 6. by | f. ware |
| 7. micro | g. product |
| 8. photo | h. cleaning |
| 9. water | i. wave |
| 10. every | j. speaking |
IV. Turn the following verbs into nouns. Make sentences with them.
1. to mean
2. to arrive
3. to use
4. to attract
5. to treat
6. to understand
V. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined words.
1. What does the word ‘nitrogen’ mean?
2. What is the mean temperature of the substance?
3. These instruments are well suited for such measurements.
4. Oil recovery involves drilling a well and pumping out the oil that flows by gravity into the bottom of the well.
5. This fact has provided valuable information on the point.
6. Provided the reaction proceeds smoothly, the end product may increase.
7. Dark surface reflects light.
8. This object is as light as a feather.
9. Temperature can reach 40° C.
10. Fill the can with food and seal it.
VI. There is something wrong with the following sentences. Discuss with partners why they are strange, using the phrases given below.
I believe/consider/suppose…
I am convinced that…
I don’t think so.
I strongly object to…
1. The ancient Greeks used the word ‘nanos’ to mean a giant.
2. The term nanometer means a millionth of a metre.
3. Nano-textiles have water-absorbing properties.
4. Nowadays it is not hard to convince people to use nanotechnology in food.
5. The word ‘nanotechnology’ came into being in 1959.
VII. Answer the following questions to the text.
1. What do the terms ‘nanometre’ and ‘nanotechnology’ mean?
2. Where is nanotechnology used?
3. Why do you think people are afraid of ingesting food produced by nanotechnology?
VIII. Define the main idea of the text.
1. Nano methods are now being used in all spheres of life and are considered to be one of the most promising technologies.
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2. Richard Feynman invented nanotechnology.
3. Using nano methods in food industry will save the world from hunger.
4. Nanotechnology is used mostly in medicine.
Unit 15
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