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12. Read and translate the information about sedimentary rocks.
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12. Read and translate the information about sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are composed of three parts: grains (natural minerals), natural cement (bonds the grain together) and pores (spaces filled with water, oil, gas). The pore space gives the rock porosity and determine the total volume of field. The natural cement determines the rock permeability and production rate from the field.
(from: Jon Naunton, Alison Pohl. Oxford English for Careers: Oil and Gas 2. )
Grammar: Complex Object
The combination of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive used after the predicate forms a Complex Object.
| Subject | Predicate | Complex Object |
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| Noun/Pronoun | Infinitive | |||
| I | know | him | to be | a great scientist. |
13. Translate into English using Complex Object
1. Ученые считают, что нефть образовалась в результате разложения органического вещества. 2. Потребление нефти увеличивается, и это заставляет геологов искать новые месторождения нефти. 3. Студенты знают, что геология – очень важный предмет. 4. Большинство геологов считают, что нефть имеет органическое происхождение. 5. Человечество рассчитывает, что ученые найдут новые источники энергии. 6. Люди увидели, что нефть просачивается на поверхность. 7. Профессор хочет, чтобы его студенты хорошо знали геологию. 8. Перепад давления вынуждает нефть перемещаться из материнской породы в коллектор. 9. Непроницаемый пласт не позволяет нефти вытекать из коллектора.
Grammar: Complex Subject
The combination of a noun in the common case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) and an infinitive forms a complex subject. The predicate, which is usually expressed by a verb in the passive voice, is placed between the noun and the infinitive.
| Noun/Pronoun | Predicate | Infinitive | |
| This well | is expected | to be | productive |
14. Translate into English using Complex Subject.
1. Нефть, вероятно, самый ценный продукт в мире. 2. Бензин оказался самым эффективным топливом для автомобилей. 3. Известно, что нефть состоит из углеводородов. 4. Ожидается, что потребление нефти увеличится в будущем. 5. Говорят, что существуют необычные теории происхождения нефти. 6. Известно, что перепады давления являются главной причиной миграции нефти. 7. Маловероятно, что нефть имеет неорганическое происхождение.
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15. Speak about the petroleum origin according to the following plan:
1. theories on petroleum origin;
2. petroleum composition;
3. petroleum formation;
4. petroleum migration and accumulation.
16. Oil and gas are found in porous sedimentary rocks. From the library or on the Internet, find out about the different types of sedimentary rocks associated with oil and gas. Which types are most common in our area?
(from: Jon Naunton, Alison Pohl. Oxford English for Careers: Oil and Gas 2. )
UNIT VIII
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRUDE OIL
Start-up.
What types of crude oil do you know?
What is the difference between physical and chemical properties of light and heavy crude oil?
Which type of oil is more valuable? Why?
1. Read and learn the following words.
| 1. light crude oil – легкая нефть 2. heavy crude oil – тяжелая нефть 3. sweet crude oil – малосернистая нефть 4. sour crude oil – высокосернистая нефть 5. liquid – жидкий 6. solid – твердый 7. viscous – вязкий 8. to float – плавать, держаться на поверхности воды 9. density – плотность 10. to flow – течь 11. to pump – качать насосом 12. to receive – получать 13. commodity market – товарная биржа, рынок сырья 14. to sink – оседать на дно, тонуть 15. property – свойство 16. to differ – отличать(ся) 17. API gravity – плотность в градусах API | 18. wax content – содержание парафина 19. sulfur content – содержание серы 20. challenge – трудность; сложная, но интересная задача 21. exploration – исследование, разведка 22. oil production – добыча нефти 23. oil refining – переработка нефти, очистка нефти 24. oil refinery – нефтеперерабатывающий завод 25. environmental impact – воздействие на окружающую среду (часто негативное) 26. depth – глубина 27. oil field – нефтяное месторождение, нефтепромысел 28. to reduce – уменьшать(ся), снижать(ся) 29. to increase – увеличивать(ся) 30. production costs – себестоимость добычи 31. current – текущий, современный |
2. Read and translate the words of the same root:
To classify – classification; to transport – transportation; to explore – exploration; to produce – production; to refine – refining – refinery; to develop – development; to convert – conversion; viscous – viscosity; deep – depth; dense – density; difficult – difficulty.
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3. Read and translate the following words. Pay attention to the pronunciation.
Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sulphur, hydrocarbons, method, temperature, salt, earth, viscous, mixture, condensate, volatile, asphalt, gasoline, solid, associated, geologist, combined, organic, organism, period, percentage.
4. Read the text and translate it into Russian.
Light and Heavy Crude Oil
| What is oil? Together with natural gas, it makes up petroleum, which is Latin for " rock oil". Petroleum is basically a mixture of naturally occurring organic compounds from within the earth that contain primarily hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as a liquid it is called crude oil if dark and viscous, and condensate if clear and volatile. When solid it is asphalt, and when semi-solid it is tar. There is also natural gas, which can be associated with oil or found alone. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). There are a number of classifications for crude oil, which are used to divide the oil by impurities and consistency. According to one of them crude oil is divided into light crude oil and heavy crude oil. Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature. Light oil has an API gravity (measure of liquid specific gravity as defined by the American petroleum institute) of 30 to 40 degrees, which means that the density is much less than 1. 0 g/cc (grams per cubic centimeter). This oil floats easily on water. It generally has a low wax content. This means that the viscosity of the oil is much lower, which makes it easier to pump and transport. Light crude oil receives a higher price than heavy crude oil on commodity markets because it produces a higher percentage of gasoline and diesel fuel when converted into products by an oil refinery. Because light crude oil has so many desirable traits, it is often a very desirable product, with many refineries preferring to work with light crude oil whenever possible. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°. It is referred to as " heavy" because its density is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil does not flow easily, and it is so dense that it sinks, rather than floats, in water. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. Heavy crude oils provide an interesting situation for the economics of petroleum development. The resources of heavy oil in the world are more than twice those of conventional light crude oil. Large quantities of heavy crude oils have been discovered in the Americas including Canada, Venezuela and California. The relatively shallow depth of heavy oil fields (often less than 3000 feet) can contribute to lower production costs. |
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| However, production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. The high viscosity and density makes production of heavy crude oils more difficult. Due to increased refining costs and high sulfur content heavy crude oils are often priced at a discount to lighter ones. With current production and transportation methods, heavy crudes have a more severe environmental impact than light ones. The difficulties of production and transport of heavy oils render conventional methods ineffective. Specialized techniques are being developed for exploration and production of heavy oil. Current research into better production methods also seek to reduce the environmental impact. (from: http: //enerjiuzmani. blogspot. ru/2009/02/oil-and-natural-gas-yazar-okan-yardimci. html https: //sites. google. com/site/aboutcrudeoil/light-crude-oil, http: //www. slideshare. net/muneerbasha/heavy-crude-oil) |
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