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Symptoms. The disorder occurs in divers who have been brought to the surface rapidly and because of nitrogen babbles in blood vessels
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Symptoms
• hyperventilation
• increased heart rate
• palpation and headache
• epystaxis
• cerebral edema
Caisson disease:
The disorder occurs in divers who have been brought to the surface rapidly and because of nitrogen babbles in blood vessels.
Symptoms
• neurological symptoms
• cautions lesions
•joint pain
•hypertension
• nystagmus
• nausea
Exercises
Write your conclusion and recommendation about the microcli mate in workshop where:
Exercises
1. The air velocity is 0, 8 m/sec.
2. Psychrometer Assmana shows high temperature 200, low temperature 14°.
UV- RAYS
Sun light rays:
1. Infrared 2000 - 760 nm
2. Visible light 760-400 nm
3. UV-rays400 - 200 nm
ultraviolet rays effect the skin and eyes. Effects on the skin:
1) Erythema, darkening (sun tan);
2) Rodent ulcer - melanoma.
UV- Rays penetrate the skin a few millimeters.
UV deficiency (lack of sunlight):
Symptoms: 1) Rickets, 2) Anemia, 3) Osteomalacia:
Softening of the bone due to a lak of exposure to UV-rays and decrease in the calcum content of the bone tissue matrix.
Effect of UV Rays
a) Long waves 400-320 nm: sentence of melange
generation of the tissue.
b) Medium waves 320-280 nm: sentence of vitamin Dз by influence on 7-dihydrocholistrol, which accurse in the skin.
Prophylactic biodosage: the minimal dosage of UV-rays which cause irritation or redness of the skin after 6-10 hours, it depends upon: age, sex and physiological situation of the body.
Instrument: biodosimeter Gorbachova-Danfelda
c) short waves 280-200nm for disinfection and sterilisation (bactericidal).
Side effect of short waves: Photophtalmic syndrome. (Symptoms; tears of eyes, photodynia, and photophobia. ) and skin melanoma.
Artificial source of UV- waves:
Erythentic lamp (EUF) it produces 45% of long waves, 35% of medium waves. It can be used in the schools specially in northern area for prophylactic purposes (time: 4-8-hours).
Exercise.
Find out the numbers of (EUF 15) lamps in the class which are used as prophylactic lamps for schoolboys in northern area, daily dosage 1/8 biodose, area of the classroom 40 m2, time 4 h (240 min).
formula: F =(5, 4xSxH ) / Т n= F/Fi
F = UV-rays flow
S = Area of the room
H = Biodose (1 biodose = 5000 MER)
t - The time of exposuring (in minutes)
n = Number of lamps
Fi = The flow of one lamp (EUF 15—340 MER)
PRK mercury quartz lamp. They Produce 19% long waves, 25% medium waves, 15% short waves (used for prophylactic purposes).
Direction to use:
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• use black eyes glasses,
• the lamp must be in the center of the hall,
• distance from the lamp (1-3 meters),
• distance between patients (I meter),
• distance between patients and the walls (I meter) (because of reflection).
Pictures. Mercury quartz lamp.
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Exercise.
For prophylactical purposes you have to use PRK-2 for 40 healthy school children, the area of the
hall is 120m2, select the distance from the lamp, select the distance between children, time of radiation. Use spe
cial tables. To receive one biodose, the distance from the lamp my be: 3m - time of exposuring 3, 7 min
2m - time of exposuring 1, 8 min 1m - time of exposuring 0, 5 min
The distance between children = 0, 8-1m
Table 4. UV - rays prophylactic lamps (sanitary recommendation)
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aim of exposure |
scadual of expossuring in days ( blodose ) | ||||||||||
| miners | hardening | 0, 5 | 0, 5 | 1, 5 | 2, 5 | 3, 5 | 4, 5 | ||||
| healthy child | hardening | 0, 5 | 0, 5 | 0, 5 | 0, 75 | 2, 75 | 3, 5 | 3, 5 | 3, 5 | ||
| weak child | prophylactic of Uv-shortage | 0, 5 | 0, 5 | 0, 5 | 0, 75 | 0, 75 | 1, 25 | 1, 25 | |||
To find out the number of children exposuring at one time, use the formula 2nR
Use special table to writ the scadual of exposuring for 10 days.
Bactericidal lamp (BVF) They produce only short waves.
• two types of lamps BUF - 15 wt, BUF -30wt, use for disinfection of the water and the air in rooms
• I wt is enough for disinfecting I m3 of air,
• time of disinfecting should not be more than 2 hours afler that you must ventilate the room.
• at the time of disinfecting you have to avoid the worker's from the room. If any one is present in the room, we must need a metallic screens on the lamp
Exercise.
For disinfecting of hall you have to use BOT-1S. The area of the hall 50 m2. The height of the ceiling 3m. How many lamps you must use? The time of disinfection?
NUTRITION
Nutrition is a science of feeding the body to ensure its optimal development and maintenance and proper operation of its physiologycal function. Food is the external factor for development and growth of the body (body building and energy producing) Its material either agricultural origin or manufactured, used in the raw state or more often after considerable processing to provide the nutritional needs of man.
Uses of food:
• as a body builder for growth
• Protection from diseases
• For physical and mental energy, and various body functions.
Metabolism; Oxidation of the food to obtain energy and build material.
Basal metabolism: The energy requirements for maintenance and conduct of those cellular and tissue processes of the organism.
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BM: 40% of total energy expenditure I unit/per I kg body weight/per I hour. 10% of energy for food ingestion. unit = large calorie (KKL). Factors effecting energy requirements:
1. Age:
a) Children up to 17 years 11 groups
b) Adults up to 59 years 5 groups
c) After 60 years 4 groups (2 groups men's, and 2 groups women's)
2. Profession (activity) 5 group
3. Sex: BM of women in 15% less then men -
4. Social aspect: social behavior and tradition
5. Environmental factors
6. Body weight
7. Physiological condition
8. Economical status
Food contents of seven main components proteins, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber
To calculate the daily requirement of the foot you have to know:
1. The quantity of food (energy) in calories
2. The quality of food (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins)
3. The daily regime (3 or 4 times)
4. The method of cooking
The quantity of food
Table 7. Recommended dietary requirement for adults (UN, FAO)
| group
| age
| men | Men | women | women |
| Energy Kcl | Protien | energy Kcl | protien | ||
| 18-40 | 62/37 | 46/29 | |||
| 40-59 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 18-40 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 40-59 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 18-40 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 40-59 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 18-40 | 62/37 | 48/29 | |||
| 40-59 | 62/37 | 48/29 |
Table 8. Recommended dietary requirement for children’s (UN, FAO )
| Age | Energy Kcl | Protien |
| up to 2 | 23/14 | |
| 1-2 | 1180-1360 | 27/16 |
| 3-4 | 1560-1720 | 34/16 |
| 5-6 | 1870-2010 | 34/20 |
| 7-10 | 2100-2500 | 41/25 |
| 11-13 | 2600-2800 | 50/30 |
| 14-17 boys | 2800-3100 | 62/37 |
| 14-17 girls | 2500-2940 | 62/31 |
Energy is used for:
1. 40% for BM (I unit/per I kg. weight per I hour)
2. 10% for food ingestion
3. The residual energy used by men's activity (day activities)
The quality of food:
The relation between P, F, Car. 1, 2 -0, 8-4, 6
The contribution of various component towards total calorie is:
Protein 14% Fats 36% Carbohydrate 50%
I g protein = 4 Kcal
1 g carb. = 4 Kcal
Ig fat = 9 Kcal
About 18% of the body is in the form of protein. Proteins may be of animal or vegetable origin (milk, egg, meat, for such food contain large amount of essential aminoacids).
Amino acid: Basic building blocks of proteins and peptides.
Essential aminoacids: 9 aminoacids which cannot be formed by the body like lysine and valine.
For adults animal protein must be 60 % daily For children animal protein must be not less than 70%, daily quantity of protein l, 3-l, 6g per 1 kg.
Functions:
* to build new tissues
* for repairing worn out body tissues
• a source of energy
• protein as a component of enzymes and hormones
• for normal asthmatic relations among the various body fluids
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• play a large role in the resistance of the body against disease.
Protein deficiency causes Kwashiorkor
Protein content of certain foods: apple and orange 0, 3 gm%, tomato 0, 9 gm%, potato 1, 6 gm%, wheat 11, 8 %, rice 6, 5 %
Fats
Classification:
1) True fats: fatty acids, glycerol Fatty acids: a) saturated - palmitic acid b) unsaturated - linoleic acid.
2) Lipids: phospholipids
Sources of fat
• animal: liver, oil and curd.
• vegetable sunflower oil fats. 25-30 % daily.
amount is 1, 3 - Carbohydrates
The major source of energy: cereals, vegetables, fruits, sugar and honey.
Contents:
1. Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose
2. Disaccharide's: maltose, lactose
3. Polysaccharides glycogen starch
Daily requirement must be 250-340 g
Cellulose is insoluble. Function of cellulose:
1. Stimulation of peristaltic
2. To prevent the intestinal Cancer
3/To reduce the amount of cholesterol
Function of carbohydrates:
• source of energy
• to spare the burning of proteins
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• important role in the metabolism
• stored in the liver as glycogen
Minerals
Functions:
• necessary part of all cells and body fluids
• formation of bone and tissues
• they regulate acid-alkali balance
• synthesis of hemoglobin
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