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Exercise 2. Complete these sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary
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Exercise 2. Complete these sentences. Choose from the list. Use the if necessary
capital police dinner lunch middle name sky television
1. We had… … … at a restaurant last night.
2. We stayed at a very nice hotel but I don't remember… … ….
3. … … … is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.
4. Did you see the film on… … … last night?
5. Somebody was trying to break into the shop so I called… … ….
6. Tokyo is… … … of Japan.
7. ‘What did you have for… … …? ’ ‘A salad. ’
8. Iwoke up in… … … of the night.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need the
1. If you want to catch a plane, you go to… … …
2. If you want to see a film, you go to… … …
3. If you are tired and you want to sleep, you go to… … …
4. If you rob a bank and the police catch you, you go to… … …
5. If you have a problem with your teeth, you go to… … …
6. If you want to study after you leave school, you go to… … …
7. If you are injured in an accident, you go to… … …
Unit XIII. Check yourself
1.
Gold is one of the world’s most prized possessions – from gold jewelry, (1)... … …. Learn about gold history and lore and discover why gold has beguiled mankind for thousands of years.
Gold has been one of mankind’s most revered substances since (2) … … …. Throughout history, great civilizations have built up treasuries of this precious metal, reserving golden objects for their most important rituals and ascribing miraculous powers to it.
The ancient Egyptians equated gold with the sun, the giver of life, and reserved its use for pharaohs only. The Etruscans created meticulously handwrought objects using fine granules and threads of gold, a technique still practiced today. The Chinese saw gold as the yang of the sun (with silver representing the moon's ying). To this day, Chinese (3)… … … jewelry of no less than 24-karat gold on their wedding day to ensure a lifetime of good luck and happiness. Meanwhile, the Incas called gold the “sweat of the sun. ”
In some cultures, gold is even eaten to cure such ailments as arthritis, ulcers and tuberculosis.
One sign of gold’s lasting value: it has been used as a currency (4) … …. …. It is perceived as permanent wealth as opposed to paper currency and is bought in large quantities during times of crisis.
But perhaps the most alluring use of the sun-colored metal (5) … … …. In fact, three-quarters of the world’s gold mined each year is used to make jewelry. The metal’s permanence has made it a symbol of enduring love and heritage, and pieces are passed down from generation to generation. It is the recommending jewelry gift for couples celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary.
Exercise 1.
a – for more than 5, 000 years
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b – and Indian brides wear
c – gold fashion, gold investments and beyond
d – the beginning of time
e – has always been in jewelry
Exercise 2. Match the title with the text
a – Gold and the ancient Egyptians
b – Gold is my love
c – Gold: the Metal of the Sun
Exercise3. true, false, not stated
1. People has been fond of gold for a long time
2. Everyone in ancient Egypt could wear gold
3. Chinese and Egyptians brides wear jewelry on their wedding day
4. In Russia gold is even eaten to cure some illnesses
5. Gold is used mostly in jewelery
2.
The factors that have driven gold’s everlasting, universal appeal are numerous:
(A) It is estimated that all the gold ever mined would fit underneath the Eiffel Tower in Paris. It takes several tones of ore to produce just one ounce of gold.
(B) Jewelers throughout history have preferred gold to all other metals for its warm golden color. The metal also takes well to alloying with other metals, which has allowed metalsmiths to create a rainbow of shades for gold. For instance, mixing gold with copper creates rose gold; mixing gold with silver creates green gold; and mixing it with palladium produces white gold.
(C) The sheer amount of gold jewelry, coins and artifacts from ancient cultures on display in the world's museums is a testament to the metal's enduring beauty. It is extremely heavy, with one cubic foot weighing half a ton. Although pure gold is relatively soft, it becomes exceptionally strong when alloyed with other metals. Because of its indestructibility, gold is used by the electronics industry to create 10 billion tiny electrical contacts each year.
(D) Because of this purity, it is not affected by air, heat or moisture and is resistant to tarnish. These properties have helped make gold bullion such a valuable commodity.
(E) Gold is so easy to work with that a single ounce can be drawn out into an unbroken strand approximately 60 miles long. It can be melted or shaped to create any design.
Exercise 1.
1. Gold is beautiful
2. Gold is pure
3. Gold is extremely rare
4. Gold is extremely malleable
5. Gold is durable
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Additional Unit XIV. Basic Glossary of Jewelry Terms
Everyone loves jewelry (especially women! ) but jewelry terminology can sometimes sound like a foreign language altogether. Can you tell a baguette from a bezel? A cabochon from a crown? Following is a list of basic jewelry terms that will allow you to better understand the lingo that so many sales associates speak, and next time you're at the store, you will sound like the expert.
Baguette setting – A rectangular-shaped stone with rows of step-like facets. If the baguette's two long sides taper inward, it is called a Tapered baguette. Baguettes in long, thin cut rectangles are often used as enhancements to a lager center stone, or on a watch bezel.
Bar setting – Similar to the channel setting, it is a circular band of diamonds or gemstones that holds each stone in by a long thin bar, shared between two stones.
Barion cut – This has a traditional step-cut crown and a modified brilliant-cut pavilion. A square barion cut diamond has 61 facets, excluding the culet.
Bearding or girdle fringes – The outermost portion of the stone, called the girdle, can develop small cracks that resemble whiskers during the polishing process. The bearding can sometimes be removed, if not too dramatic, with slight re-polishing, and if the weight allows.
Bezel – With a bezel setting, a rim holds the stone and completely surrounds the gem. It is the upper portion above the girdle of a cut stone. Bezels can have straight edges, scalloped edges, or can be molded into any shape to accommodate the stone. A watch bezel is the upper part of the case surrounding the dial. They can be set with diamonds or other gemstones.
Cabochon – A facet-less style of cutting that produces a smooth surface. They can be in many shapes, including round with high domes to squares.
Carat – Unit of measure of weight of diamonds and gemstones. One carat is equivalent to 200 milligrams. One carat can also be divided into 100 " points. " A. 75-carat stone is the same as a 75-point or 3/4-carat stone.
Certification (or Diamond Grading Reports) – There are many recognized gemological laboratories that can grade your stones for a fee. The most well known is the GIA, Gemological Institute of America.
Clarity – A diamond often has natural imperfections, commonly referred to as inclusions, which contribute to its identifying characteristics. Inclusions are found within the diamond, and can be white, black, colorless, or even red or green. Most are undetectable by the human eye, and can only be seen with 10X magnification. Inclusions are ranked on a scale of perfection called clarity.
Cleavage – A natural area of the diamond where a weak bond holds the atoms together. The gem will be split along these planes by the cutter.
Cluster setting – This setting surrounds a larger center stone with several smaller stones. It is designed to create a beautiful larger ring from many smaller stones.
Crown – This is the upper portion or the top of a diamond.
Cutting style – Cutting styles are different than diamond shapes. The simplest and most common way to explain cutting style is to categorize it into the following three basic types: Step-cut, Brilliant-cut and Mixed-cut.
Deep cut – When a diamond is cut too deep, it will lose or leak light through the side or bottom. This results in less brilliance and value.
Diamond – A diamond is the hardest known natural substance. It is crystallized carbon.
Dispersion – When light enters a diamond it reflects off the facets and the angles cut into the stone. This distribution of light is known as dispersion, or the display of the spectral colors.
Emerald shape – A rectangular or square-shaped cut-cornered diamond. A form of step cutting, this cut is favored for diamonds and emeralds, as well as many other stones, when the principle purpose is to enhance color rather than brilliancy. It is also sometimes used to emphasize the absence of color in diamonds.
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Facet – Any flat polished surface of a diamond or gemstone. This style of cutting gives the stone many small faces at varying angles to one another. The placement, angle and shape of each facet are carefully planned and executed to show the stone's inherent beauty, fire, color, and brilliance to the fullest advantage.
Fancy Cut – A diamond cut other than round -- such as baguette, emerald, pear, marquise, square, oval, heart, etc.
Feather – A type of inclusion or flaw within a diamond. It is described often as a small crack or fissure.
Finish – Describes the exterior of the diamond. If a diamond is well polished, it has a very good finish.
Fire – Often a term used instead of " dispersion, " it is the variety and intensity of rainbow colors seen when light is reflected from a diamond.
Fluorescence – When exposed to ultraviolet light, a diamond may exhibit a more whitish, yellowish or bluish tint, which may imply that the diamond has a property called fluorescence. The untrained eye can rarely see the effects of fluorescence. Diamond grading reports often state whether a diamond has fluorescent properties. Fluorescence is not considered a grading factor, only a characteristic of that particular diamond
Girdle – The outer edge of a cut stone, the dividing line between the crown and the pavilion. Sometimes the girdle is polished and sometimes it is unpolished. Ideally the width of the girdle should be even and proportional to the cut of the stone.
Growth or grain lines – These can be considered internal flaws, and can often be seen only by rotating the diamond very slowly. They can appear and disappear almost instantaneously. They appear as small lines or planes within the diamond.
Gypsy setting – The Gypsy setting is predominantly used for men's jewelry. The band is one continuous piece that gets thicker at the top. The top is dome shaped and the stone is inserted in the middle.
Hardness – Resistance a material offers to scratching or abrasion. Generally measured using the MOHS scale.
Inclusion – “Internal characteristics” apparent to a trained or professional eye at 10x magnification. Inclusions can be bubbles, crystals, carbon spots, feathers, clouds, pinpoints, or other impurities, or even cracks and abrasions. They are what make a diamond so unique, as a fingerprint does for a person.
Illusion setting – This setting is more intricate than others in that it surrounds the stone to make it appear larger.
Loupe – Any small magnifying glass mounted for hand use, to hold up to the eye socket or attach to a pair of glasses.
Luster – The hue and depth of reflection from pearls, opals or other opaque stones.
Marquise shape -- A double-pointed, boat-shaped stone that is long and thin with gently curved sides coming to a point on either end. Marquise is part of the brilliant-cut family; ideally cut it has 58 facets.
Mixed-cut – This cut has both step-cut and brilliant-cut facets. Mixed cuts combine the beauty of the emerald cut with the sparkle of the brilliant cut.
MOHS Scale – A scale of hardness with numbers from one to ten assigned to ten minerals of increasing hardness from talc to diamonds.
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MOHS Rating | ||
| MOHS Rating | Gemstone | Mineral Group |
| Diamond | ||
| Ruby, Sapphire | Corundum | |
| Topaz | Topaz | |
| 7. 5 | Emerald | Beryl |
| 7. 5 | Aquamarine | Beryl |
| Amethyst | Quartz | |
| Amethyst | Quartz | |
| 6. 5 | Peridot | |
| 5. 5 - 6. 5 | Opal | |
| Onyx | ||
Mele – Small, usually round diamonds less than 0. 10 carats in size.
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Natural – A diamond characteristic that is part of the surface of a polished diamond that was not cut or polished during the cutting process.
Oiling – This technique is commonly used on emeralds. The purpose of this technique is for the oil to fill the fine cracks that weaken the green color. The oil fills the cracks making them " disappear" and thereby improving the color.
Pave – A type of setting where a number of small stones are set together. It literally means paved with diamonds.
Pavilion – Bottom portion of the stone, under the girdle, measuring to the culet. It is the area below the girdle consisting of 23 facets in the round-brilliant-cut diamond.
Pear shape – Term used to describe any diamond whose girdle outline resembles a pear shape. Ideally cut pear shapes have 58 facets.
Pinpoint – An inclusion within a diamond. A gathering of pinpoints is called a “cluster” or “cloud. ” A cloud or cluster can appear as a hazy area in the diamond, a pinpoint appears as a dot.
Point – Term meaning one-hundredth of a carat – approximately the size of one-half a grain of sand.
Polish – Indicates the care taken by the cutter in shaping and faceting the rough stone into a finished and polished diamond.
Poor cut – A poorly cut diamond can be either cut too deep or too shallow. A deep or shallow cut diamond will lose or leak light through the side or bottom. This results in less brilliance and value.
Princess cut – A square or sometimes rectangular-shaped modified brilliant-cut diamond.
Radiant cut – A rectangular or square shaped diamond with step-cut and scissor-cut on the crown, and a brilliant-cut on the pavilion.
Refraction – The bending of light rays as they pass through a diamond or gemstone.
Rough – Uncut diamonds or gemstones.
Scintillation – When light reflects from a diamond, the sparkling flashes that come from the facets of the gem are known as scintillation.
Shallow cut – When a diamond is cut too shallow, it will lose or leak light through the side or bottom. This results in less brilliance and value.
Shape – Form or appearance of a diamond; i. e.: whether the diamond is round, triangular, square, marquise, pear, oval or heart-shaped.
Solitaire – A single diamond or stone set by itself in mounting.
Table – The top surface of a cut diamond or gemstone.
Table facet – This is the largest facet of a diamond. It is located on the top of the diamond. The table facet is sometimes referred to as the " face. "
Table spread – Term used to describe the width of the table facet, often expressed as a percentage of the total width of the stone.
Tension setting – A diamond is held in place by the pressure of the band's metal, which is designed to " squeeze" the stone.
Trillion shape – Is a triangular-shaped diamond with 50 facets. Trillions are commonly used as side-stones.
Well cut – Well-cut proportions ensure the maximum compromise between fire and brilliance. When light enters a properly cut diamond, it is reflected from facet to facet, and then back up through the top, exhibiting maximum brilliance, fire and sparkle.
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