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Drug names, standards and references
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Grammar: -ing forms: Participle I. Gerund.
5. а) Прочтите слова из Vocabulary List вслух.
б) Изучите список слов и укажите слова, называющие:
- типы наименований лекарств; - фармацевтические организации и
справочники;
Vocabulary List.
generic - общий
legal - законный, юридический superscript - надпись
purpose - цель
public property - общественная собственность
manufacturer - производитель
dispense - готовить и отпускать (лекарство)
trade - торговый
competitor - конкурент
to capitalize - писать с прописной буквы
to substitute - замещать
complicated - сложный
to recognize - распознавать
responsible for - ответственный за что-либо
description - описание
name - наименование
chemical - химический
official - официальный
brand - торговая марка, бренд
FDA - Управление по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами
USP - фармакопея США
NF - государственный справочник
Hospital Formulary - госпитальный справочник
PDF Настольный справочник врача
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова и словосочетания в скобках.
1. How many names can a drug have? (three different names)
2. Whom must a specific brand name be dispensed by? (the pharmacist)
3. What information do drug references give? (important information about drugs)
3. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.
Drug names, standards and references
Names
A Drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug. The name is often long and complicated.
The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is used for legal and scientific purposes. The generic name is the public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.
The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is a common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.
The following lists give the chemical, generic and brand names of the well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that a drug can have several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.
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Standards
While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and manufacturers. This committee is called the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Two important standards of the USP are that a drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug has USP after its name, it has met with the standards of the Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the USP every 5 years but not all the drugs are listed in it. The National Formulary (NF) is a larger list of drugs which meets purity standards. The letters USP and NF after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to USP or NF standards. It is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufacturers.
References
Libraries and hospitals have two large reference listings of drugs which give important information about drugs. The most complete and up-to-date is the Hospital Formulary, published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. This listing gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care).
The Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) is published by a private firm. Manufacturers pay to have their products listed there. The PDR is a useful reference with several different indexes to identify drugs (generic and chemical names index, product identification index, manufacturers’ index, drug classification index and full description about recommended dosages and administration for each drug.)
4. Закончите предложения, заменив русские слова и словосочетания в скобках их английскими эквивалентами:
1. The generic name is (общественная собственность) and any manufacture may use it.
2. The name is often long and (сложный).
3. The brand name or trade name is (частная собственность) of the individual drug manufacturer and no (конкурент) may use it.
4. It is a common practice (писать с прописной буквы) the first letter of a brand name
5. (Управление по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами) has (юридическая ответственность за) deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold.
6. Brand names often have (надпись) after or before the name.
5. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу слова, приведенные ниже. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. … why this is so important is because many people die from using... in the United States.
2. The Food andDrug Administration is responsible for … and … the safety of foods, tobacco products, Medication drugs, vaccines, blood transfusion, medical devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics.
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3. A drug is considered "new" if it is made by a different ….
4. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are drugs and combinations that do not require a doctor's ….
5. … drugs from four developing countries have been found … United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) standards.
6. This committee … a set of rules prohibiting … of this drug to the children under 14.
antiretroviral, enforced, to meet, supervising, manufacturer, the reason, prescription, regulating, the administration, illegal drugs
6. Найдите в тексте «Drug names, standards and references» английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Составьте предложения с ними по содержанию текста.
- химическая формула
- для юридических и научных целей
- индивидуальный производитель лекарства
- заказывать по рецепту
- юридическая ответственность
- определенные стандарты
- доступный в чистой форме
- давать важную информацию о лекарстве
- полное описание
- рекомендованная доза
- соответствовать стандартам
7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Настольный справочник терапевта содержит важную информацию об основных характеристиках лекарств и издается ежемесячно.
2. Этот центр является филиалом Управления по контролю за продуктами и лекарствами, который регулирует производство лекарств.
3. Для каждого лекарства существует только одно общее название.
4. Недавно одна очень известная фармацевтическая компания выпустила самый полный и современный справочник лекарств.
5. Ваш терапевт назначит вам соответствующее лечение и скажет, в какой аптеке вы сможете заказать лекарство по рецепту.
6. Это сильно действующее лекарство выпускают многие производители, но продают его только в определенных аптеках.
7. Каждый производитель, изготавливая лекарство должен помнить, что оно должно соответствовать двум основным стандартам: быть клинически полезным и доступным в чистой форме.
8. Ответьте на вопросы ктексту«Drug names, standards and references»
- What is the chemical name of the drug?
- How many generic names are there for each drug?
- Why do most drugs have several brand names?
- What are typical written standards for a brand name?
- Who are definite standards for drugs set by?
- What do the letters USP and NF after a drug indicate?
- Are all drugs listed in the FDR? Why?
9. Составьте устное сообщение (10-12 предложений) на английском языке, используя текст «Drug names, standards and references» по плану:
1. Drug names
2. Drug standards
3. Drug references
Активизация грамматики.
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1.Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках в –ing форму. Обратите внимание на употребление Participle I и Gerund.
1. USP Reference Standards are recognized as official standards in the U.S., and their use is effective in (to demonstrate) compliance with legal requirements.
2. Laboratory (to test) of a drug is a compulsory stage of drug (to manufacture).
3. All drugs (to meet) the NF standards are included into this listing.
4. Thousands of medications are available today for (to prevent) various diseases.
5. (to prescribe) this drug to the patient the physician said it would relieve the pain.
6. (to take) this medicine, be careful of side effects.
7. The surgeon advised him to stay in bed for several days for (to avoid) complications.
2. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в форму Participle I. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I advice you to take this drug. (to dissolve) in the stomach immediately it will give you a considerable relieve.
2. This pharmaceutical company, (to produce) the drugs for this type of flu, is getting more and more popular.
3. The doctor looked at the patient’s blood analysis, sat at the table (to think) and without (to say) a word left the room.
4. The physician prescribed him a (to heal) ointment which he could order at the nearest chemist’s.
5. One mustn’t confuse drugs, because (to cause) untoward reaction they may do the harm to the man’s health.
6. (to ensure) a good quality of its goods this company protects people against many diseases.
3. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в форму Gerund. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. In addition to (to aid) in the treatment of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, and sexually transmitted diseases, these medicines also help prevent and treat cardiovascular disease, asthma, diabetes, and cancer.
2. (to have) a drug reference is necessary for every pharmacist.
3. A drug addict has been jailed after (to steal) a priest's car.
4. The report from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction deals with the myth that drug (to smuggle) is being discussed.
5. The law states that anyone convicted of (to possess) more than EUR13,000 worth of drugs should receive the 10-year term.
6. "How many people die from (to smoke) cigarettes?"
7. "What are the effects of (to use) psychotropic agents?" "They affect the brain and body”.
4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, укажите в предложении форму Participle I и Gerund.
1. The principal problems involve the use of prescription drugs without a physician's supervision, and the danger of buying drugs of unknown origin and quality.
2. When choosing a drug at the chemist`s check the "active ingredients" section on the label.
3. Be very careful when giving more than one medicine to a child.
4. To reduce your child's risk of medicine poisoning, keep medicines out of reach and out of sight of children.
5. Since children tend to imitate adults - avoid taking medications in their presence.
6. Avoid drinking medicine from the bottle.
7. Always turn the light on when giving or taking medicine to be sure you have the right medicine and the correct measure or count of the dosage.
8. Insist on safety packaging for prescription medicines.
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9. The benefits of medicines are the helpful effects you get when you use them, such as lowering blood pressure, curing infection, or relieving pain.
10. Despite my warnings she continued taking this medicine causing a huge damage to her health.
5. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя формы Participle I или Gerund.
1. Продажа нелегальных лекарств является растущей проблемой в США.
2. Многие думают, что наркоман может прекратить употреблять наркотики в любой момент.
3. Выписывая лекарство пациенту, врач должен знать точный диагноз.
4. Не удивительно, что многие фармацевтические компании, производящие лекарства, получают огромную прибыль в период эпидемий.
5. Никогда не начинайте и не прекращайте принимать лекарства, не поставив в известность вашего лечащего врача.
6. Не зная, как лекарство действует на организм человека, врач не имеет права назначить его пациенту.
7. Это лекарство может подействовать только путем введения его внутримышечно.
6. Преобразуйте предложения, используя, где возможно конструкции с Gerund или Participle I и предлоги (by, for, of, while, when), где необходимо. Переведите составленные предложения на русский язык.
1.In the countries which are developing rapidly the top pharmaceutical companies produce 5 new drugs annually.
2. The people, who search for the best remedy for their disease, may find it in the national grug reference.
3. To find the better treatment you must consult your physician.
4. When I was in hospital I learnt a lot about my disease.
5. The doctors all over the world are trying to find a way how to treat some rare types of cancer.
6. The teacher who was delivering the lecture on manufacturing of sodium and potassium compounds told the students about the way how to use them in pharmacy.
Практикум.
1. Прочитайте текст бегло и изложите в двух-трех предложениях на русском языке, о чем этот текст.
Medicines are used to fight infections and illness; they reduce pain, and for many people they make life bearable. Taking the correct medicine in the right way can therefore be very beneficial.
Medicines are either prescribed for you by a doctor or bought at the chemist. If you do not need a prescription you can buy the medicine direct from the chemist. If they are prescribed, the doctor decides what you need, writes it down on a prescription form which you then take to the chemist who supplies the medicine to you. Doctors give careful thought and advice before prescribing medicines. The pharmacist at the chemist’s shop also checks the prescription and may give you some advice on taking the medicines too. [Follow the instructions on the bottle or packet, finish the course and make sure you understand what the medicine is for.
If you or your family have been given any prescriptions lately, did you know what the medicine was and what it was for?
All medicines are perfectly acceptable in our society, and the vast majority of people gain great benefits from them. However, some medicines contain drugs which can be dangerous if taken in the wrong amounts, or when there is no medical reason.
Do you ever take drugs?
Drinks. It may surprise you to know the tea, coffee, cocoa and coca cola contain a drug called caffeine. However, you would have to drink a very large quantity to cause any danger of caffeine overdose.
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