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Ex. 1. Translate the following terms using the dictionary
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Additive – drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each.
Anaphylaxis – hypersensitive reaction of the body to a drug or foreign organism. Symptoms may include hives, asthma, rhinitis and so forth.
Antidote – an agent that is given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug.
Brand name (trade name) – commercial name for a drug, normally the property of the drug manufacturer.
Chemical name – chemical formula for a drug.
Chemotherapy – treatment of illness using chemicals: usually refers to treatment for infectious disease, cancer disease or mental illness.
Contraindications – factors in the patient’s condition which prevent the use of a particular drug or treatment.
Cumulation – drug action resulting from the administration of small repeated doses of a drug that are not eliminated from the body quickly.
Drugs – chemical substances used as medicines in the treatment of disease.
Drug toxicity – harmful and dangerous complications which may arise from the use of drugs are blood dyscrasia, such as aplastic anemia.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - governmental agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and the clinical use.
Generic name – the legal, noncommercial name for a drug.
Hospital Formulary – reference listing of drugs and their appropriate clinical usage found in most hospitals and libraries; published by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacies.
Idiosyncrasy – a rare type of toxic effect produced in a peculiarly sensitive individual but not seen in most patients.
Molecular pharmacology – study of the interaction of drugs or cells or sub-cellular entities such as DNA, RNA or enzymes.
National Formulary (N.F.) – large up-to-date list of drugs and official standards for their manufacture; issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association.
Parenteral Administration – administration of drugs by injection into skin, muscle or veins (places other than the digestive tract).
Pharmacodynamics – study of how drugs achieve their effects in living organisms, including their absorption, metabolism and excretion from living system.
Pharmacology – the study of drugs, their nature, origin and effect on living organism.
Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) – reference book listing drug products; published privately.
Potentiation – a type of drug action in which the combined effect of using two drugs together is greater than the sum of the effects of using each one alone; also called synergism.
Side effect – a toxic (harmful) effect which routinely results from the use of drug.
Suppositories – cone-shaped objects containing medication which are inserted into the rectum, vagina or urethra, from which the medication is absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Synergism – type of drug action in which the effect of two drugs acting together is greater than the sum of each acting alone; Potentiation.
Tolerance – condition of becoming resistant to the action of a drug so that larger and larger doses must be given to maintain the desired effect.
Toxicology – study of harmful substances and their effect on living organisms.
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) – an authoritative list of drugs, formulas and preparations which sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.
Intramuscular Injection (I.M.) – This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks. When drugs are irritating to the skin or when large volume of long-acting drug is to be given, I.M. injections are advisable.
Intravenous Injection (I.V.) – This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into the tissue. Good technical skill is needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.
Intrathecal injection – This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain. The effects of the drug so administered are usually limited to the central nervous system and intrathecal injections are often used to produce anesthesia.
Intracavitary Injection – This injection is made into the body cavity, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Inhalation - In this method of administration, vapours or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Idiosyncrasy. In some instances, a patient may display unexpected effects following the administration of a drug. Idiosyncratic reactions are produced in very few patients taking a drug, but may be life-threatening in those few instances. For example, in some individuals penicillin is known to cause an idiosyncratic reaction such as anaphylaxis (acute type of hypersensitivity, including asthma and shock).
Topical application – This is the local external application of drugs on skin or mucous membranes of the mouth or other surface. It is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions for antiseptic treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching). Topical application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose and vagina. Lotions are used most often when the skin is moist or “weeping” and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.
Ex 6. Read the text and answer the questions.
So what can go wrong?
Sadly, an increasing number of people, especially young adults, use medicines, drugs and other preparations for different purposes. This has led to drug abuse which is a growing problem in our society. Even in sport some men and women are taking drugs to improve their performance. Many sports authorities now have to carry out routine tests on blood and urine samples of sports people to make sure that they are not taking unnecessary drugs.
The medicines in Table 2 are sometimes available on prescription from doctors but only for sound medical reasons. It is illegal to obtain them without prescription. Taking products like these regularly without a doctor's guidance and in large quantities can cause addiction and may even lead to early death. Chapters 4 and 5 give more information about the problems of drug abuse.
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Why do people take drugs?
Most of us have taken medicines at some time, either prescribed by a doctor or bought from the chemist. But why do people take drugs when there is no clear medical reason for doing so, in other words, when they do not seem ill?
1. Why do people take drugs without any medical reason?
2. Is drug abuse dangerous?
3. Why do sports authorities carry out blood and urine tests?
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Ex. 7. Read and translate
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