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Drugs for incurable diseases
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Some medicines and drugs are used to treat chronic conditions which have no cure, such as diseases of the central nervous system. By controlling or reducing the symptoms of the disease, medicines and drugs can improve the sufferer's quality of life. For example, Parkinson's disease affects over 100,000 people in Britain, most of them elderly. It causes muscle stiffness and severe shaking. The drug Levodopa reaches the brain through the blood system and helps to improve balance and reduce the shaking. Sometimes drugs which act on the central nervous system have unwanted side effects on the person's personality and emotional state. Some people feel depressed and 'not themselves'. However, these side effects can usually be controlled by using other drugs and for most people relief from the symptoms of the disease is the most important effect.
Answer the following questions after reading the text.
1. What were many drugs and medicines produced for?
2. What controls chemical reactions in our bodies?
3. How do antibiotics work?
4. Are there any drugs for incurable diseases?
Read and translate the text with a dictionary
NEUROPHARMACOLOGIC DRUGS
These drugs act on the nervous system. There are two major types of neuropharmacologic drugs: autonomic drugs and central nervous system drugs.
Autonomic Drugs. These drugs influence the body in a manner similar to the action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system.
The function of the sympathetic nerve network in the body is (1) to stimulate the flow of epinephrine from the adrenal gland, (2) to increase heart rate, (3) to constrict blood vessels, and (4) to dilate air passages.
Drugs which mimic the action of sympathetic nerves are called sympathomimetic or adrenergic agents. They stimulate the flow of epinephrine, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and dilate air passages. Examples of sympathomimetic drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These drugs are the same chemicals which are naturally released from the sympathetic nerve endings and adrenal glands during times of stress emergency.
Drugs which mimic the action of parasympathetic nerves are called parasympathomimetic or cholinergic agents. These drugs oppose the actions of the sympathomimetic (adrenergic) drugs, which means that they slow down heart rate, constrict air passage, and stimulate involuntary muscles in the digestive tract and other organs. The parasympathetic agent which is produced normally at all times by parasympathetic nerve endings is called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine, unlike a drug such as epinephrine (adrenaline), cannot be administered to patient. This is because there are enzymes in the body called cholinesterases which inactivate acetylcholine almost as quickly as it is given. Other cholinergic drugs are, therefore, chosen as exogenous agents. One example of a cholinergic drug similar to acetylcholine in effect but longer lasting in the body is bethanechol. Bethanechol (Urecholine) is used in postoperative urinary retention to include the constriction of the urinary bladder, aiding urination.
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Other autonomic drugs are parasympatholytic agents which oppose the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Examples of these drugs are atropine and belladonna, which are also known as antispasmodic drugs because they act to relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and decrease peristalsis.
Sympatholytic agents, which block the action of the sympathetic nervous system, include reserpine, guanethidine, and phentolamine. These drugs are used to decrease blood pressure and protect against the excess epinephrine secretion liberated by pheochromocytomas (tumors of the adrenal gland).
(Make a chart summarizing various types of autonomic drugs.)
Texts for written translation
Read the text using a dictionary
ANTIHISTAMINES
These are drugs which block the action of a chemical called histamine which is found in the body. Histamine is produced by most cells and especially by sensitive cells under the skin and in the respiratory system. When certain foreign antigens (protein substances which lead to the production of antibodies) enter the body, antibodies are made by cells. These antibodies attempt to inactivate, or neutralize, the offending antigens and, as a result, a chemical called histamine may be released by other cells. Histamine causes the characteristic allergic symptoms when it is liberated from cells: itching, hives, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, high fever, and, in some very serious cases, anaphylactic shock.
Antihistamines, by blocking the action of histamine in the body, can relieve the allergic symptoms which histamine produces. Antihistamines cannot cure the allergic reaction, but they can relieve its symptoms. Some potentially dangerous side effects of antihistamines are drowsiness, sedation, and blurred vision. Examples of antihistamines are diphenhydramine (Benadryl), meclizine (Bonamine), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trime-ton) and tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine).
Make up 5 questions about the contents of the text
Drug Package
Ex 1. Прочитайте следующие слова:
cream – крем
crystals – кристаллы
glucagon injection – ампула для инъекций глюкагона
soap – мыло
soap dispenser – мыльница
gauze swabs – марлевые тампоны
insulin – ампула с инсулином
plasters – пластырь
cotton wool – вата
vaccine – ампула с вакциной
tape – роликовый пластырь
solution – раствор
lozenges – пастилки
ointment – мазь
Ex 2. Назовите:
1. Лекарства используемые для инъекций;
2. Упаковку для кремов, растворов, мазей, пастилок и пластырей.
Ex 3. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Мази и кремы втираются для смягчения кожи и в качестве противозудного средства.
2. Раствор инсулина вводится через инъекцию внутримышечно.
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3. Марлевые тампоны и вала применяются при хирургических процедурах.
4. Мыло – необходимое средство для удаления микроорганизмов с рук врача.
5. Мыло может находиться либо в мыльнице (soap box) либо в механическом распределителе (mechanical dispenser)
6. Ампулы содержат определённое количество стерильного медикамента.
Грамматический справочник
Сводная таблица времен действительного залога
(утвердительная, отрицательная и вопросительная формы)
| Infinitive | Present | Past | Future | Употребление |
| Indefinite to examine | I examine He examines I do notexamine He does notexamine Do you examine? Does he examine? | I examined He examined I did notexamine He did notexamine Did you examine? Did he examine? | I (we) shall examine Hewillexamine I shall notexamine He will notexamine Shall I examine Will he examine | Действие обычное, происходит вообще в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени. |
| Continuous to be examining | I am examining Heisexamining You are examining I am notexamining Areyou examining? | I was examining We were examining I was notexamining You were not examining Was he examining? Were you examining? | I shall be examining He will be examining I shall notbe examining He will notbe examining Shall I be examining Willhe be examining | Действие происходит, продолжается в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени. |
| Perfect to have examined | I have examined He has examined I have notexamined He has notexamined Have you examined? Has he examined? | I had examined He had examined I had notexamined He had notexamined Had I examined? Had he examined? | I shall have examined He wilthave examined I shall nothave examined He will nothave examined Shall I have examined? Will you have examined? | Действие закончено, совершено к определенному моменту настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени. |
| Perfect Continuous to have been examining | I have been examining He has been examining I have notbeen examining He has not been examining Have I been examining? Has he been examining? | I hadbeen examining He hadbeen examining I had notbeen examining He had notbeen examining Had I been examining? Had he been examining? | I shall have been examining He will have been examining I shall not have been examining He will not have been examining Shall I have been examining? Will he have been examining? | Действие началось в прошлом или ранее другого действия и продолжается в определенный момент настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени, охватывая отрезок времени |
Спряжение глагола to write в Continuous Tenses
To be 4-ing = to be writing
| Время | Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| Present | I am writing He is writing She is writing We are writing You are writing They are writing | I am not writing He is not writing She is not writing We are not writing You are not writing They are not writing | Am I writing? Is he writing? Is she writing? Are we writing? Are you writing? Are they writing? |
| Past | I was writing He was writing She was writing We were writing You were writing They were writing | I was not writing He was not writing She was not writing We were not writing You were not writing They were not writing | Was I writing? Was he writing? Was she writing? Were we writing? Were you writing? Were they writing? |
| Future | I shall be writing He will be writing She will be writing We shall be writing You will be writing They will be writing | I shall not be writing He will not be writing She will not be writing We shall not be writing You will not be writing They will not be writing | Shall I be writing? Will he be writing? Will she be writing? Shall we be writing? Will you be writing? Will they be writing? |
Союзы и союзные слова
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Сочинительные союзы:
and и, а;
but но, и;
or или;
as well as так же… как;
not only… but also не только… но и;
both… and и… и;
either or или… или;
neither… nor ни…ни.
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that что, который;
who кто, который;
whose чей;
which который;
when когда;
where где, куда;
how как;
why почему, зачем;
as так как;
Парные союзы both…and, either…or, neither…nor
Русским союзам, как…так; и…и соответствует английский союз both…and:
The patient complained both of a high temperature and of the pain in the chest.
Больной жаловался и (как) на высокую температуру, и (так и) на боль в груди.
Слово both (без and) имеет значение оба:
We both are students.
Мы оба студенты.
Парный союз either … or в утвердительном предложении переводится или…или, либо…либо:
Either you or your friend will be on duty tomorrow.
Или вы, или ваш друг будет на дежурстве завтра.
Этот союз может стоять и в отрицательном предложении, тогда он переводится ни…ни:
Either my friend or I will not be on duty tomorrow.
Ни я, ни мой друг не будем на дежурстве завтра.
Парный союз neither…nor употребляется в отрицательном предложении, если в нем нет отрицания not, и переводится ни…ни.
Neither my friend nor I will be on duty tomorrow.
Ни я, ни мой друг не будем на дежурстве завтра.
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Предлоги (Prepositions)
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