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14. Read and translate the sentences
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14. Read and translate the sentences
1. In external combustion engines high pressure steam is used in order to drive the piston.
2. A four-stroke engine has to be larger than a two-stroke engine in order to produce an equivalent amount of power.
3. Energy is needed in order to produce the goods that we consume.
4. During the compression stroke the piston moves upward in order to compress the fuel.
5. A reciprocating engine uses one or more pistons so as to convert pressure into a rotating motion.
6. Fuel must be mixed with air so as to burn well.
7. All internal combustion engines must have a means of ignition so as to provide combustion.
8. An engine needs four strokes of the piston to complete one cycle.
9. Diesel engines use the heat of compression to ignite the fuel.
10. In a reciprocating engine, the high-pressure gases inside the cylinder are used to drive the engine’s piston.
11. By 1896 Ford had constructed his first horseless carriage which he sold in order to finance work on an improved model.
12. The crankpins (шатунная шейка коленчатого вала) are set at different angles to the shaft so as to give a uniform spacing of the firing impulses.
13. In order to give reasonable smoothness, the minimum number of cylinders is two, which provides one power stroke for each crankshaft revolution.
14. To compress the air, put in the oil, and produce power, every diesel engine must have certain basic parts.
Speaking
15. Explain to your partner the function of the elements of the internal combustion engine
16. Listen to the teacher pronouncing the terms and learn them. Match the English words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents
| 1. Intake/suction stroke | Рабочий такт |
| 2. Exhaust stroke | Верхняя мертвая точка |
| 3. Top dead center | Такт выпуска |
| 4. Bottom dead center | Такт впуска |
| 5. Power stroke | Впускной клапан |
| 6. Compression stroke | Выпускной клапан |
| 7. Intake/inlet valve | Нижняя мертвая точка |
| 8. Exhaust valve | Такт сжатия |
17. Learn the words and translate their derivatives
Pull (v) тянуть – pulling, pulled.
Sin. Draw (drew, drawn)
Push (v) толкать– pushed, pushing;
Ascend (v) подниматься – ascending;
Sin. Move up, go up
Descend (v) опускаться – descending;
Sin. Move down, go down
Drive (v) приводить в движение – driving, driven;
Force (n) сила
Force (v) заставлять, толкать – forcing, forced, forcedly;
Enter (v) входить, поступать – entering, entrance;
Allow (v) – позволять - allowing, allowed
18. Suffix –ward
| Суффиксы –ward, -wards образуют наречия, указывающие направление движения либо сторону, в которую обращен или направлен объект. Например: On the first downward stroke of the piston, fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the intake valve. |
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19. Read and translate the sentences. Guess the meaning of the underlined words
1. The intake valve closes and the following upward stroke compresses the fuel-air mixture.
2. The expansion of the burning gases forces the piston downward.
3. The final upward stroke evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder.
4. The piston makes four strokes, two toward the head of the cylinder and two away from the head.
5. The burnt gases expand and push the piston downwards. This makes the crankshaft rotate and provides torque (вращающий момент) to drive the wheels of the vehicle.
6. When the piston is at the end of the stroke away from the crankshaft ( inward stroke) this is the top dead centre.
7. As the piston moves from the bottom dead centre upwards it compresses the air above it into a smaller volume.
Describing processes
20. Complete the table
| Verb | Noun | Participle |
| to open | ||
| to move | ||
| to close | ||
| to pull | ||
| to push | ||
| to draw | ||
| to ignite | ||
| to compress= to squeeze | ||
| to drive | ||
| to complete | ||
| To turn |
21. Complete the text with verbs in Present Simple Active and Passive
In the first part of the cycle, the intake stroke, the intake valve (open) and the piston (move) down to its lowest position. This (draw) in a gasoline-air mixture at constant atmospheric pressure.
In the compression stroke, the intake valve is (close) and the piston (move) to its top position, compressing the fuel-air mixture.
In the power stroke, an electric spark plug (ignite) the compressed fuel-air mixture, driving the piston to its lowest position.
In the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve (open) and the piston_(move) up, driving the combustion products out of the cylinder.
Homework.
1. Give the word to match the description
1. The piston moves up and down inside it.
2. It supplies the spark that ignites the air-fuel mixture.
3. They open at the proper time to allow the air and fuel to enter the cylinder.
4. It is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.
5. It is the area where compression and combustion take place.
6. It connects the piston to the crankshaft.
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