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19. Read the title of the text and think if it is devoted to a) invention, b) classification, c) application, d) evolution, e) construction of the internal combustion engine.
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Reading
19. Read the title of the text and think if it is devoted to a) invention, b) classification, c) application, d) evolution, e) construction of the internal combustion engine.
Read the text and get ready to answer the questions
1. What is the difference between the internal combustion engine and the steam engine?
2. How many types of internal combustion engines are there?
3. What is the result of expansion of air?
4. What inventor used coal gas as a fuel for the internal combustion engine?
5. Was the engine invented by Otto and Langen a success?
6. Who used petrol as a fuel for the internal combustion engine?
7. What type of engine was invented in 1894?
8. Did the gas turbine come into use immediately after its invention?
Internal Combustion Engine
The internal combustion engine is one that burns fuel inside its working parts, unlike a steam engine which burns its fuel under a separate boiler (котел).
Internal combustion engines are of three main types. First, petrol engines, used chiefly in cars, motor cycles, scooters, and some small aircraft. Second, diesel engines, used chiefly for driving heavy machinery, ships, railways engines, buses, and heavy trucks. Third, gas turbines or turbojets, most of which are used in jet airplanes. In all of these types, the fuel is burnt so that it heats air. The air therefore expands and thus exerts a thrust (давление, нажим), which either pushes (толкать) a piston down a cylinder or blows on a turbine to turn it like a windmill (ветряная мельница).
The earliest internal combustion engines used as their fuel ordinary coal gas. The first engine of that kind was made in 1860 by the Frenchman, Etienne Lenoir. He was followed by the Germans Nikolaus Otto and Eugen Langen who designed a new engine that became known as “ the Otto silent engine”. This was the first four-stroke-cycle engine using compression and operating on the basic principle of the modern automobile engine. In spite of its great weight and low economy by modern standards, nearly 50, 000 of their “silent” gas engines were sold between 1867 and 1884. Another German, Gottlieb Daimler, was the first to make a fast-turning engine using liquid fuel such as petrol, and put one in a bicycle in 1885 and in a motor car in 1886. Another German, Rudolf Diesel, made the first diesel engine in 1894. Gas turbines were built by several inventors early in the 20th century, but did not come into use until World War II.
20. Read the text and make up a plan of it
| Evolution of the Internal-Combustion Engine |
| The first person to experiment with an internal-combustion engine was the Dutch physicist Christian Huygens, about 1680. But no effective gasoline-powered engine was developed until 1859, when the French engineer J. J. É tienne Lenoir built a double-acting, spark-ignition engine that could be operated continuously. In 1862 Alphonse Beau de Rochas, a French scientist, patented but did not build a four-stroke engine Sixteen years later, when Nikolaus A. Otto built a successful four-stroke engine, it became known as the “Otto cycle. ” The first successful two-stroke engine was completed in the same year by Sir Dougald Clerk, in a form which (simplified somewhat by Joseph Day in 1891) remains in use today. George Brayton, an American engineer, had developed a two-stroke kerosene engine in 1873, but it was too large and too slow to be commercially successful. |
| In 1885 Gottlieb Daimler constructed what is generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine: small and fast, with a vertical cylinder, it used gasoline injected through a carburetor. In 1889 Daimler introduced a four-stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves and two cylinders arranged in a V, having a much higher power-to-weight ratio; with the exception of electric starting, which would not be introduced until 1924, most modern gasoline engines are descended from Daimler’s engines. |
Homework
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1. Form an adjective from the following words adding the correct suffix: -ful, -ic, -ous, -y, -ent, -able, -al, ive. Use a dictionary to find out their meanings
| industry power energy efficiency danger use experiment type silence compression principle economy success explode |
2. Read the text and use the comparison degree of the words in brackets
Liquid fuel that contains more heat energy than gasoline is diesel oil. Diesel oil is (slow) burning, but it produces (much) power. Diesel engines also must be (heavy) than gasoline engines, but they are (efficient) when working under heavy loads at low speeds.
UNIT VII. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
1. Look at the picture and make sure that you know the main parts of the internal combustion engine
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