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The Political System of the United Kingdom
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1. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means that it has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of State. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of two chambers known as the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as the coronation of a new monarch or opening of Parliament. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power. It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only then does it become a law. Although a bill must be supported by all three bodies, the House of Lords only has limited powers. The Lord’s main power consists of being able to delay non-financial bills for a period of one year. The monarch has not refused to sign a billsince the modern political system began over 200 years ago.
2. The House of Commons and the electoral system. The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (abbreviated as MPs), each of whom represents an area (or constituency) of the United Kingdom. They are elected either at a general election, or at by-election following the death or retirement of an MP. Parliamentary elections must be held every five years at the latest, but the Prime Minister can decide on the exact date within those five years.
3. The party system. The British democratic system depends on political parties, and there has been a party system of some kind since the 17th century. The political parties choose candidates in elections. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the Opposition. In doing so it accepts the right of the majority party to run the country, while the majority party accepts the right of the minority party to criticize it. Without this agreement between the political parties, the British parliamentary system would break down.
4. The Prime Minister chooses about twenty MPs from his or her party to become Cabinet Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of government.
The monarchy. The powers of the monarch are not defined precisely. Theoretically every act of government is done in the Queen’s name and she appoints all the ministers, including the Prime Minister. In reality, everything is done on the advice of the elected Government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.
5. Local government. Parliament in London is responsible for deciding national policy, but many public services are provided by local government. The United Kingdom is divided into administrative areas known as ‘counties’ and each county has a ‘county town’ where the offices of the local government are responsible for organizing such services as education, libraries, police and fire services, road-building and many others.
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7. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на базе текста №2:
7.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: управление страной, палата (парламента), власть, законопроект, обсуждать (законопроект), член парламента, избирательный округ, всеобщие / дополнительные выборы, ограниченные полномочия, отвечать за что-либо, местное самоуправление, графство.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие инфинитив. Определите формы и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие причастие. Определите формы и функции причастия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие герундий. Определите формы и функции герундия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Абзацы 1, 2, 3 переведите письменно.
Задание № 1
Вариант 4
1. Измените число следующих существительных, произведя все необходимые изменения:
а) единственное число на множественное: a state, property, an influence, a child, life, a society, a system, advice, a branch, a colony;
б) множественное число на единственное: treaties, matters, relations, spheres, bushes, thieves, donkeys, foxes, pianos, sportsmen.
Поставьте все личные местоимения в объектном падеже и напишите соответствующие им формы притяжательных местоимений.
3. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных: small, large, little, happy, diverse, dry, bad, necessary.
Прочитайте и переведите текст №1. Абзацы 4, 5, 6, 7 переведите письменно.
Текст №1
Australia
1. The official name of the country is the Commonwealth of Australia. The Commonwealth of Australia is composed of six states and two territories and it occupies the world’s smallest, flattest, and driest continent.
2. Australia is an island continent washed by three oceans and four seas. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere, so the seasons are the other way round. Summer is from December to February and winter is from June to August. Because of the country's great size, the climate of Australia ranges from tropical regions of the Northern territory to the cool temperate conditions in the southeast, where it frequently snows in winter. Most of the country's weather pattern is characterized by clear skies and low rainfalls.
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3. Australia is the least populated of the world's continents, its population being only 18,3 million people. Australia is a land of immigrants. Its population is subdivided into "original Australians" (known as the Aborigines), "old Australians" and "new Australians". More than 80% of the people live in the six capitals on the coastal strip (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth and Hobart) and less than 15% actually live in the rural areas.
4. Australia is an independent sovereign nation within the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II is formally Queen of Australia and is represented by a Governor-General and six state governors.
5. The constitution came to an effect January 1, 1901. As is in the British system, the executive comprising the Prime Minister and the Cabinet is drawn from the federal parliament and answerable to it. The Parliament consists of two chambers: an elected Senate of 76 (12 from each of the six states, two for the Australian Capital Territory, and two for the Northern Territory); and the House of Representatives of 148, elected by universal adult suffrage. Voting is compulsory.
6. Each state has its own constitution, governor (the monarch's representative), executive, legislative and judicial system. Each territory has its own legislative assembly.
7. The question whether Australia should become a republic with an Australian Head of the State is a matter of current debate in Australia. A change to a republic would require the assent of the Australian people at a referendum.
5. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на базе текста №1:
5.1. Выпишите из текста эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: сельская местность; палата (парламента); представитель; голосование; обязательный; согласие; прения (дискуссия); исполнительный; законодательный; судебный, независимый, составлять (документ).
Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все возможные грамматические формы.
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