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Переведите письменно 1, 2, 3 абзацы.
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Употребите инфинитив с частицей to или без нее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I heard the door (to open) and saw a shadow (to move) across the floor.
2. It is better (to put) your money in a bank than (to keep) it under your bed in an old stocking.
3. You may as well (to tell) us the truth. It will be easy (to check) your story.
4. Hе tried (to make) me (to believe) that he was not guilty.
5. I was afraid (to pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (to handle) firearms.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.
1. Her cousin was believed to have been living in Sweden since the end of World War I.
2. His father ordered some water to be put on the stove.
3. Mr. Smith is said to have studied Danish and Dutch in his childhood.
4. Which do you wish your son to do, to go into business or to become a lawyer?
5. Her smile was friendly and she made you feel that she was really pleased to see you.
8. Прочитайте текст №2 и устно переведите его на русский язык. Письменно переведите 2-й абзац текста.
Текст №2
1. Criminal trials in the United Kingdom take the form of a contest between the prosecution and the defence. Since the law presumes the innocence of an accused person until guilt has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage, apparent or real, over the defence. A defendant (in Scotland called an accused) has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure a properly prepared defence. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland during the preparation of the case, the prosecution usually tells the defence of relevant documents which are not proposed to put in evidence and discloses them if asked to do so. The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call. The defence or prosecution may suggest that the defendant's mental state renders him or her unfit to be tried, if the jury (or in Scotland, the judge) decides that this is so, the defendant is admitted to a specified hospital.
2. Criminal trials are normally in open court and rules of evidence (concerned with the proof of facts) are rigorously applied. If evidence is improperly admitted, a conviction can be quashed on appeal. During the trials the defendant has the right to hear or cross-examine witnesses for the prosecution, normally through a lawyer; to call his or her own witnesses who, if they do not attend voluntarily, may be legally compelled to attend; and to address the court in person or through a lawyer, the defence having the right to the last speech at the trial. The defendant cannot be questioned without consenting to be sworn as a witness in his or her own defence. When he or she does testify, cross-examination about character or other conduct may be made only in exceptional circumstances; generally the prosecution may not introduce such evidence.
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3. In jury trials the judge decides questions of law, sums up the evidence for the jury and instructs it on the relevant law, and discharges the accused or passes sentence. Only the jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. In England and Wales, if the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict, the judge may direct it to bring in a majority verdict provided that, in the normal jury of 12 people, there are not more than two dissentients. In Scotland, where the jury consists of 15 people, the verdict may be reached by a simple majority, but as a general rule, no person may be convicted without corroborated evidence. If the jury returns a verdict of «not guilty», the prosecution has no right of appeal and the defendant cannot be tried again for the same offence. In the event of a «guilty» verdict, the defendant has a right of appeal to the appropriate court.
4. A jury is completely independent of the judiciary. Any attempt to interfere with a jury once it is sworn in is punishable under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.
5. People between the ages of 18 and 65 whose names appear on the electoral register, with certain exceptions, are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random. Ineligible persons include the judiciary, priests, people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession, the Lord Chancellor's Department, or the police, prison and probation services, and certain sufferers from mental illness.
9. Выполните задания на базе текста №2:
9.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: уголовный судебный процесс, обвинение (сторона уголовного процесса), защита, невиновность, вина, обвиняемый, подсудимый (ответчик), взять под стражу, свидетельские показания (доказательства, улики), свидетель, обвинительный приговор, судья, выносить приговор.
9.2. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержание которых соответствует тексту.
1. A defendant cannot employ a legal adviser and has no public support.
2. The prosecution should inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call.
3. Only the judge decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.
4. If the jury returns a verdict of «not guilty», the prosecution gets the right of appeal and the defendant may be tried again for the same offence.
5. People between the ages of 18 and 65 whose names appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service.
6. Ineligible persons include the judiciary, priests, people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession, the Lord Chancellor's Department, or the police, prison and probation services, and certain sufferers from mental illness.
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9.3. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочитанного текста. Вы можете использовать некоторые из следующих выражений: 1) The text deals with... 2) It is devoted to... 3)The main purpose of the text is... 4)The abstract is concerned with... (bears on...; gives explanation of...; is intended to demonstrate that...; is designed to provide some information about...) 5) The subject of the paper under review... 6) It is pointed out that... 7) The author touches upon the problem of... 8) It is shown that... 9) It should be noted that... 10)... are described (given). 11) Special attention is given (paid) to... 12) The importance of... is stressed. 13) The author comes to a conclusion... 14) There is no doubt that...
Задание № 2
Вариант 4
1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:
1. Courts of appeal, one for each of ten circuits in the United States, are courts of appellate jurisdiction. 2. A court may consist of one judge and a jury or only one judge and one clerk, or it may be a tribunal including a number of judges. 3. The presidency of the U.S. is one of the many governmental offices. 4. One of purposes of jurisprudence is to explain legal concepts. 5. A court of first instance is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. 6. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.
2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:
1. That bill will become a law only if it is enacted by the majority (2/3) in both houses of Congress. 2. We know that more serious cases are heard in the Crown Court, where the judge is always a legal expert. 3. Railways in Russia are longer than those of any other country. 4. Sentences passed by the Crown Court are more severe than those of Magistrates' Courts. 5. Scotland has its own legal system different in many ways from that of England and Wales. 6. Judgments and sentences excluding those passed by the Supreme Court may be appealed against in a court of higher instance.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение; определите тип бессоюзных придаточных:
1. They insist a juror should be influenced-neither by judges nor by barristers. 2. We heard he was fined and disqualified from driving last week. 3. They told us they would take into account all the circumstances of the crime. 4. Before finishing the discussion he made some notes on the questions he was interested in. 5. I have translated the article you recommended.
Прочитайте текст №1.
Текст №1
International Law
1. We live in a time in which we are confronted with difficult questions concerning the destiny of the world, the future of the human race. Those questions are related in one way or another to the survival of nations, to man’s life and development. Many countries face similar social, economic and political problems and consequently have adopted similar legal solutions. Some areas of the law such as intellectual property and human rights, are particularly concerned with developing laws which are valid internationally. With more international business and travel and a growing awareness that many socio-economic and environment problems need global solutions, the future of the world of law appears to be one of internationalization.
2. There are two main kinds of international law: private and public. The former concerns the role of foreign laws within a particular country, while public international law deals with relations between states. International law is not new. Nations have always made political and economic treaties with each other. Nevertheless, most international law has been created in the twentieth century.
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3. Among the most important international issues nowadays is the problem of elimination from the life of society of war as a means of settling disputes. All countries must work out universally recognized principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different socio-economic systems. This approach is based on the realization that today it is no longer possible to win the arms race, just as it is impossible to win in a nuclear war. The level of armaments stockpiled by all the opposing parties puts them all at the equal risk of being annihilated.
4. International humanitarian issues also include international legal settlement of armed conflicts and protection of their victims. In pursuing this policy, the international community has worked out a number of conventions and other legal instruments.
5. Vital international humanitarian issues include such global problems as hunger, poverty, underdevelopment and economic crises. It is common knowledge that more than 500 million people in the world are suffering from malnutrition because of insufficient production of food and its unequal distribution. According to statistics, every day the world spends $3,000,000,000 on the senseless arms race, while at the same time every day 40,000 children die of hunger and preventable diseases, for every 100,000 of the world’s population there are as many as 566 soldiers and only 86 doctors; the cost of one modern nuclear bomber is more than is needed to vaccinate all the new-born babies in the world. Such problems can also be resolved only through the mechanism of international legal regulation.
6. Man’s tremendous technological progress has created the need for all countries to fight for survival in the sphere of ecology. It has been calculated that today the world economy releases into the atmosphere an annual 200 million tons of carbon monoxide; more than 50 million tons of hydrocarbons, 120 million tons of ashes, and I50 million tons of sulphur dioxide. The latter get back at us in the form of acid rain which is gradually destroying the forests in Europe. Other problems have also assumed disastrous proportions. They demand urgent solution and concerted action.
7. Another group of international humanitarian issues is the need to combat disease, drug addiction and drug trafficking. Health protection today is undeniably an international humanitarian problem and can be resolved only through international cooperation.
8. Finally, another international humanitarian problem is combating international terrorism. Terrorism not only takes the lives of innocent people but destabilizes international relations. It is a gross violation of human rights.
9. International humanitarian problems can be resolved only on the basis of universally accepted binding principles and rules of contemporary international law.
10. Based on the principles of state sovereignty, territorial integrity of states, peaceful settlements of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect of human rights and basic freedoms, self determination of nations and other principles, international law performs a stabilising function in the system of international relations today. Its principles and rules created by the states themselves contribute to the normalization of relations between them, place these relations within a definite framework for the mutual benefit of the parties.
11. Contemporary international law constantly develops. Its general democratic principles are concretised and filled with a new progressive content. New principles and norms take shape. The number of treaties is rapidly increasing. International legal regulation extends to new spheres of international relations.
5. Выполните задания на базе текста №1:
5.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: мирное сосуществование; территориальная целостность; устранение войны; урегулирование международных конфликтов; гонка вооружений; осуществлять политику; незаконны оборот наркотиков; нарушение прав человека; взаимная выгода; сторона (договора); договор; обязательные принципы и правила.
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