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Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
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Прочитайте текст №2.
Текст №2
The System of Government of the United Kingdom
1. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, which means that the powers of the monarch are limited by the country's constitution. The British constitution, unlike that of most other countries, is an unwritten constitution, not being contained in any single legal document. It is formed partly by statute law (Acts of Parliament) and important documents (such as Magna Carta), partly by common law (a series of laws dating back to the Middle Ages), and partly by customs and conventions and can be altered by a simple Act of Parliament like any other law. The constitution thus is constantly changing in response to the interpretation of laws in the courts and the introduction of new Acts of Parliament. In theory the Constitution safeguards the separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
2. The legislature, which consists of both Houses of Parliament and formally the monarch, is the supreme authority, the supreme law-making body. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of the political party with the majority in the House of Commons. Members of the House of Lords (peers) are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are ‘hereditary peers’ because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are ‘life peers’, whose titles are not passed on to their children. They are officially appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the Government, for various services to the nation. Functions of Parliament are the following: making laws; providing money for government, through taxation; examining government policy; administration and spending; debating political questions.
3. The executive consists of the government Cabinet and government ministries, (or departments) headed by ministers (or secretaries of state). Since the 18th century the cabinet has been increasingly responsible for deciding policies and controlling and coordinating government administration. It meets in private and its discussions are secrete. When policy has been decided, an individual minister must either support it or resign, because the Cabinet acts as one body with ‘collective responsibility’. The prime Minister has considerable individual power to introduce and control policies, and to change the Cabinet by appointing new ministers, sacking old ones, or ‘reshuffling’ the Cabinet by moving its members to other Cabinet posts. The government is responsible for putting laws into effect and directing national policy and acts formally in the name of the monarch.
4. The judiciary is composed mainly of the judges of the higher courts, who determine the common law and interpret Acts of Parliament and decide on cases arising out of the laws. The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the legislative and executive branches of government.
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5. The organs of government are clearly distinguishable, although their functions often intermingle and overlap. The monarch is formally the head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. A member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons and a member of the House of Lords may both be in the government of the day. A Law Lord in the House of Lords also serves the House of Lords as the highest appeal court.
7. Выполните лексико-грамматические задания на базе текста №2:
7.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: полномочия, юридический документ, обычай, законодательная ветвь власти, исполнительная ветвь власти, судебная ветвь власти, высший законодательный орган, избирать, назначать, избирательный округ, член парламента, наследственный пэр, быть ответственным (отвечать), апелляционный суд.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие инфинитив. Определите формы и функции инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие причастие. Определите формы и функции причастия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Найдите и выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие герундий. Определите формы и функции герундия. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Абзацы 1, 2, 3 переведите письменно.
Задание № 2
Вариант 1
1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:
1. Read one of these articles. 2. One must know Russian laws. 3. The new law radically differs from the old one. 4. One should begin investigating each case with the thought that everything will have to be proved. 5. This article is difficult, take another one. 6. There are many branches of law and labour law is one of them.
2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:
1. The simplest type of international tribunal is that which consists of
a single member. 2. Judgments and sentences excluding those passed by the Supreme Court may be appealed against in a court of higher instance. 3. Each state (штат) has its own system of courts similar to that of the
Federal courts. 4. The victory of our state in the Great Patriotic war was not only that of its army but also the victory of the whole people. 5. A just war is one that is fought against aggressors. 6. That law was adopted in 1969.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение; определите тип бессоюзных придаточных:
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1. We know he will come tomorrow. 2. The article we translated yesterday was very interesting. 3. We know just and lasting peace everybody needs will not come of itself, it must be gained by all progressive people. 4. You know there are no social groups interested in war. 5. Certain discretionary powers the monarch has are known as the Royal Prerogative.
Прочитайте текст №1.
Текст №1
Criminal Law
1. Crime is categorized as a part of public law – the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.
2. In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as «common law crimes», are still described mostly in case law.
3. There are usually two important elements to a crime: (I) the criminal act itself; and (II) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (I) Actus Reus and (II) Mens Rea. If the prosecution fails to prove either actus or mens, the court must decide there was no crime and the case is over.
4. But even if actus and mens have been proved, a defendant may still avoid guilt if he can show he has a defense – a reason the court should excuse his act. Different systems of law recognize different and usually limited sets of defenses. For example, English law sometimes allows the defense of duress – being forced to commit a crime because of threats that you or someone else will be harmed if you don’t. Another defense is that of insanity. In most countries a person cannot be found guilty of a crime if in a doctor’s opinion he cannot have been responsible for his actions because of mental illness. But this defense requires careful proof.
5. Nearly every system of law recognizes the defense of self-defense. In English law, a defendant can avoid guilt for injuring someone if he can convince the court that the force he used was reasonable to protect himself in the circumstances.
6. Most criminal laws in the world refer to acts of violence or theft. Sometimes governments create new crimes by identifying a form of behavior and passing a new law to deal with it. In most industrialized countries existing theft laws were not adequate to deal with computer crimes where complex kinds of information are stolen, altered or used to deceive others, and, thus, new laws have been passed.
7. Technical change is one reason criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law. Another reason is that the number of crimes committed in some countries seem to be increasing rapidly – although sometimes it is not clear whether people are breaking the law more, being caught more, or reporting other people’s crimes more. One more reason is that different societies – or perhaps it is different governments – continually review their ideas of what should and shouldn’t be considered crime. Homosexual acts and suicide were once crimes in all European countries, but have now mostly been decriminalized. On the other hand, discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex was not acknowledged as a crime until relatively recently, and is still not recognized in some countries.
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5. Выполните задания на базе текста №1:
5.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: преступление; совершить преступление; доказательство; невиновность; намерение совершить преступление; виновный в совершении преступления; доказать вину; обвинение (сторона в судебном процессе); подозреваемый; ответчик; смягчающее вину обстоятельство; физическое принуждение; невменяемость; насильственное деяние; нарушать закон.
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