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Переведите письменно 1, 2 абзацы.
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Употребите инфинитив с частицей to или без нее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Please let me (to know) your decision as soon as possible.
2. It's better (to be) sure than sorry.
3. He heard a cock (to crow) in a neighbouring village.
4. We know all bodies (to consist) of atoms.
5. He was made (to sign) a paper admitting his guilt.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.
1. She saw two men start towards her from opposite sides.
2. The minister was reported to have made a speech at Cairo airport.
3. Judges in the lower courts are known to follow the decisions of judges in the higher courts.
4. The inspector ordered the prisoner to be questioned.
5. He never wants anyone to carry anything.
8. Прочитайте текст №2 и устно переведите его на русский язык. Письменно переведите 5-й абзац текста.
Текст №2
1. The guilt or innocence of persons charged with an offense against the criminal law is a matter to be decided in a court of justice. There are two methods of trying persons accused of criminal offences. One is by judge and jury in the Crown Court after committal for trial on an indictment; the other is summarily by a magistrates' court without a jury. With very few exceptions, all criminal proceedings in the Crown Court begin in a magistrates' court since an accused in the Crown Court must normally have been committed for trial there by a magistrates' court.
2. A magistrates' court is normally composed of two or more justices of the peace, but the number must not exceed seven. Some statutes permit particular offences to be tried by a single justice but such instances are rare. The normal sittings of a magistrates' court take place in a properly appointed courthouse on appointed days of the week.
3. In England and Wales the initial decision to begin criminal proceedings normally lies with the police. Once the police have brought a criminal charge, the papers are passed to the Crown Prosecution Service which decides whether the case should be accepted for prosecution in the courts or whether the proceedings should be discontinued. In Scotland public prosecutors (procurators fiscal) decide whether or not to bring proceedings. In Northern Ireland there is a Director of Public Prosecutions. In England and Wales (and exceptionally in Scotland) a private person may institute criminal proceedings. Police may issue cautions,
and in Scotland the procurator fiscal may warn, instead of prosecuting.
4. In April 1988 the Serious Fraud Office, a government department was established to investigate and prosecute the most serious and complex cases of fraud in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
5. The Crown Prosecution Service was established in England and Wales by the Prosecution of Offenses Act 1985. The Director of Public Prosecutions is the head of the Service, which is responsible for the prosecution of criminal offences in magistrates' courts and the Crown Court. The Service is divided into 31 areas with a locally based Chief Crown Prosecutor, heading each. He is appointed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Service provides lawyers to prosecute cases in the magistrates' courts and briefs barristers to appear in the Crown Court. Although the decision to prosecute is generally delegated to the Chief Crown Prosecutors, some cases are dealt with by the head-quarters of the Service; these include cases of national importance, exceptional difficulty or great public concern and those, which require that suggestions of local influence be avoided. Such cases might include terrorist offenses, breaches of the Official Secrets Act, large- scale conspiracies to import drugs and the prosecution of police officers.
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6. Discharging his duties through the Crown Office, the Lord Advocate is responsible for prosecutions in the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts and district courts in Scotland. There is no general right of private prosecution; with a few minor exceptions crimes and offenses may be prosecuted only by the Lord Advocate or his deputies or by the procurators fiscal, who are the Lord Advocate's local officials. The permanent adviser to the Lord Advocate on prosecution matters is the Crown Agent, who is head of the procurator fiscal service and is assisted in the Crown Office by a staff of legally qualified civil servants, all of whom have had experience as deputy procurators fiscal, prosecutions in the High Court are prepared by procurators fiscal and Crown Office officials and prosecuted by the Lord Advocate, Solicitor-General for Scotland (the Lord Advocate's ministerial deputy) and advocate deputies who are collectively known as Crown Counsel. Crimes prepared and tried before the sheriff and district courts, procurators fiscal prosecute them. The police and other law enforcement agencies investigate crimes and offenses and report to the procurator fiscal, who decides whether or not to prosecute subject to the directions of Crown Counsel.
9. Выполните задания на базе текста №2:
9.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: вина, невиновность, предъявлять обвинение, уголовное преступление, рассматривать в суде, обвиняемый, обвинительный акт, уголовное судебное разбирательство, обвинение (сторона уголовного процесса), нарушение закона, расследовать, гражданский служащий.
9.2. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержание которых соответствует тексту.
1. There is a great number of methods of trying persons accused of criminal offences.
2. Mostly all criminal proceedings in the Crown Court begin in a magistrates' court since an accused in the Crown Court must normally have been committed for trial there by a magistrates' court.
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3. The normal sittings of a magistrates' court take place in a properly appointed court-use on appointed days of the week.
4. In England and Wales the initial decision to begin criminal proceedings normally lies with the court of justice.
5. There is a general right in Scotland of private prosecution; crimes and offenses may prosecuted in any court of justice.
6. In England, Wales and Scotland a private person may institute criminal proceedings.
9.3. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочитанного текста. Вы можете использовать некоторые из следующих выражений: 1) The text deals with... 2) It is devoted to... 3) The main purpose of the text is... 4) The abstract is concerned with... (bears on...; gives explanation of...; is intended to demonstrate that...; is designed to provide some information about...) 5) The subject of the paper under review... 6) It is pointed out that... 7) The author touches upon the problem of... 8) It is shown that... 9) It should be noted that... 10)... are described (given). 11) Special attention is given (paid) to... 12) The importance of... is stressed. 13) The author comes to a conclusion... 14) There is no doubt that...
Задание № 2
Вариант 3
1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:
1. In the English legal system a practicing lawyer must hold one of
two professions. 2. One must remember that a juror should keep an open eye all through the trial. 3. One must take into account that the young man accused of stealing a watch will be tried by a Juvenile Court. 4. A court of equity is one which administers justice according to the rules and principles of equity. 5. A court of appellate jurisdiction is one which reviews cases removed by appeal from a lower court. 6. One of the distinctive features of the American system of Government is the power of judicial review, which enables the federal courts to rule on the constitutionality of legislative & executive acts.
2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:
1. The bodies of government in the United Kingdom are: those of the legislature, those of the executive and those of the judiciary. 2. That is the man that told me about it. 3. In our country only those juveniles whose antisocial behaviour becomes dangerous are deprived of freedom. 4. The population of India is greater than that of Japan. 5. Investigation in England is somewhat different from that in Russia and indeed from that of the rest of Europe.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение; определите тип бессоюзных придаточных:
1. You haven't told us anything about the decision the court passed yesterday. 2. The President approved the new law the Parliament had adopted. 3. This article is directly related to the information we are looking for. 4. We think he will never drive in excess of the speed limit. 5. We know the job of a juror is to listen to evidence and to decide upon guilt or innocence of the accused.
Прочитайте текст №1.
Текст №1
Constitutional Law
1. A constitution is the political and ideological structure within which a system of laws operates. Most countries have a formal written Constitution describing how laws are to be made and enforced.
2. One of the reasons for having special constitutional laws is to prevent governments from becoming too powerful and from interfering too much in the lives of individuals. As a check upon over powerful government most modern constitutions have adopted the principle of separation of powers, developed in the 18th century by the French political philosopher Montesquieu.
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3. Montesquieu argued that the functions of the state could be divided into policy formulation and direction (executive), lawmaking (legislative), and interpretation and application of the law (judicial).To stop governments from becoming too powerful these functions should be carried out by separate institutions, and there should be a balance between them. In the United States, for example, the president (executive) is elected by the people and attempts to carry out his policy promises through a presidential office of advisers. The Constitution gives him many important powers, such as control of the armed forces and appointment of Supreme Court justices, but many of his decisions and all new legislation must be approved by a majority in Congress (legislature), which is also elected by the people. Many presidents have had important policies blocked by Congress. The Supreme Court (judiciary) has the task of interpreting laws which have been disputed in lower courts, and of deciding whether a law passed by Congress or by one of the individual states is in keeping with the Constitution.
4. As well as defining the powers of government, most constitutions describe the fundamental rights of citizens. These usually include general declarations about freedom and equality. Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs.
5. Britain is unusual because its constitution is not found in a formal written document. Instead, the constitutional rights of citizens and the powers of government are found in various case-law rulings, statutes, and even in traditions. For example, the important constitutional principle that the king or queen must approve any legislation passed by parliament is simply an unwritten tradition that has gradually developed over the last three hundred years. There is a debate in Britain about whether citizens rights would be better guaranteed by a written constitution, or at least a bill of rights. Some people argue that the government has too much freedom and that it is too easy to change the constitution since all that is needed is a new statute or even a change in traditional procedure. Others argue that the flexibility of an unwritten constitution is a good thing, that the lack of a written constitution has not stood in the way of a long tradition of individual liberty in Britain, and that many countries with constitutions which look liberal on the surface suffer from oppressive governments which simply find ways to ignore constitutional rights.
6. It can be difficult to compare the legal freedoms of countries with different cultures and economic levels, but some comparison is possible since many countries have similar constitutional provisions and claim similar aims. We can, for example, consider how effective the provision of separation of powers is. Ferdinand Marcos provides a typical case of over centralized power; he came to power with wide popular support and many reforming ideas but steadily reduced the rights of Philippine citizens and his family took over most of the executive, legislative and judicial functions of the state.
7. We can also consider the right of citizens to say and write what they want and to take part in public meetings and demonstrations. In Britain, the 1986 Public Order Act requires advance notice of peaceful protests, even if they do not obstruct other people in any way. In addition, the police may order the protesters to move or break up if they anticipate serious disruption of community life. These laws are more restrictive than those in most European countries.
8. Another area to consider is the ease with which an individual may obtain restitution for a wrong a public body has committed against him. In English law, the principle of judicial review enables a court to overturn a decision made by a government ministry that acted illegally or irrationally or beyond its authorized powers.
5. Выполните задания на базе текста №1:
5.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: принцип разделения полномочий; принцип судебного контроля; исполнительный; законодательный; судебный; выполнять; соответствовать Конституции; конституционные права граждан; объявлять неконституционным (о законе); постановление; законодательный акт.
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