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Переведите письменно 2, 3, 4 абзацы.
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Употребите инфинитив с частицей to или без нее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I felt the house (to shake) with the explosion.
2. The policeman let the suspect (to make) one phone call.,
3. It is up to you (to learn) the laws of your own country.
4. The kidnappers told the parents (not to inform) the police and the parents didn't dare (to disobey).
5. He was made (to do) this work independently.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.
1. They are supposed to know the principle of lawon which the decision is based.
2. She is said to have once been a famous lawyer.
3. How can you expect anyone to think well of us when such things are written about us?
4. She appears to know everything about the English legal system
5. After a ten-minute wait I watched the train pull out.
8. Прочитайте текст №2 и устно переведите его на русский язык. Письменно переведите 2-й абзац текста.
Текст №2
1. Each state has an independent system of courts operating under the constitution and laws of the state. Broadly speaking, the state courts are based on the English judicial system as it existed in colonial times, but as modified by statutory enactments; the character and names of the courts differ from state to state. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts. In cases involving the federal Constitution or federal laws or treaties, the state courts are governed by the decisions of the Supreme Court and their decisions are subject to be reviewed by that Court.
2. Cases involving the federal Constitution, federal laws, or treaties may be brought to either the state courts or the federal courts. Ordinary civil suits not involving any of these elements can be brought only to the state courts, except in cases of diversity of citizenship between the parties, when the suit may be brought to a federal court. By act of Congress, however, suits involving federal questions or diversity of citizenship may be brought to the federal courts only when the controversy involves $10,000 or more, so that all such cases involving a smaller amount must be brought to the state courts exclusively. In accordance with a congressional enactment, a suit brought to a state court that could have been brought to a federal court may be removed to the federal court at the option of the defendant.
3. County courts of general original jurisdiction exercise both law and equity jurisdictions in most of the states; a few states maintain the system of separate courts of law and equity inherited from the English judicial system. Most states also maintain separate criminal and civil courts of original jurisdiction. In some states, the same courts of original jurisdiction deal with both civil and criminal cases; these courts usually have two levels, one handling misdemeanors and civil claims under $5000, the other handling felonies and civil claims over $5000.
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4. Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a number of states, are intermediate appellate courts which, like the federal courts of appeals, provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be added to the overcrowded calendars of the higher courts.
5. Courts of last resort, the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. In New York state, however, the Supreme Court is a trial court, the highest appellate court of New York, as well as of Maryland, is called the Court of Appeals.
6. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts with limited jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities and larger towns and the courts presided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.
7. The Supreme Court, free to draft its own agenda through the discretionary control of its docket, harmonizes conflicting interpretations of national law and articulates constitutional rights. The Supreme Court is helped at this crucial stage by the solicitor general, who represents the executive branch of government before the High Court. His influence with the justices affects their choice of cases to review.
9. Выполните задания на базе текста №2:
9.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: действовать в соответствии с конституцией, предусмотренный законом, законодательный акт, гражданский иск, сторона (по делу), ответчик, уголовное (гражданское) дело, проступок, тяжкое преступление, иск, сторона в гражданском процессе, гражданский процесс.
9.2. Прочитайте предложения. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержание которых соответствует тексту.
1. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts.
2. In cases involving the federal Constitution or federal laws or treaties, the state courts usually make their own decisions and no other courts have the right to review these decisions.
3. Intermediate appellate courts provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be delayed by the higher courts.
4. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts, which are free to resolve a great number of cases.
5. The Supreme Court harmonizes conflicting interpretations of national law and articulates constitutional rights.
6. The solicitor general's influence with the justice affects the choice of cases to review.
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9.3. Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочитанного текста. Вы можете использовать некоторые из следующих выражений: 1) The text deals with... 2) It is devoted to... 3)The main purpose of the text is... 4)The abstract is concerned with... (bears on...; gives explanation of...; is intended to demonstrate that...; is designed to provide some information about...) 5) The subject of the paper under review... 6) It is pointed out that... 7) The author touches upon the problem of... 8) It is shown that... 9) It should be noted that... 10)... are described (given). 11) Special attention is given (paid) to... 12) The importance of... is stressed. 13) The author comes to a conclusion... 14) There is no doubt that...
Задание № 2
Вариант 2
1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:
1. One may say that the function of criminal law is punitive and
corrective. 2. Each district court has from one to eighteen Federal district judges, the number depends on the amount of work within the territory. 3. In a legal sense an eye-witness is one who saw or heard the commission of the crime. 4. The British Constitutional system is one which has developed over centuries for the protection of its social order. 5. A court law is one which administers justice according to the principles and the forms of common law. 6. The USA Supreme Court consists of one Chief Justice and such number of associate Justices as may be fixed by Congress.
2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:
1. The problem that we discussed lately is of great international significance. 2. That problem was discussed at the previous conference. 3. The regional courts hear and determine cases that are similar in character to those tried by district courts but which are of a more serious nature. 4. The bodies of government in the United Kingdom are: those of the legislature, those of the executive and those of the judiciary. 5. That is the man that told me about it. 6. We want to have friendly relations with all governments and with that of the U.S. as well.
3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение; определите тип бессоюзных придаточных:
1. He thought the trial would take place on Monday. 2. The work he did last week was very important. 3. The first thing he decided to do was let them know about that terrible crime. 4. He thought the hearing of the case had been postponed. 5. He was to bring me the book I asked for yesterday, but he didn't.
Прочитайте текст №1.
Текст №1
Torts
1. The concept of tort – a wrongful act among private individuals – exists in most modern systems of law. The definitions of many torts closely resemble definitions of crimes. For example, the tort of conversion in English law covers taking, destroying or selling someone else’s goods, as does the crime of theft. When a tort is committed, the same act is often also a crime. But the essential difference between torts and crimes is that the former are the subject of civil law disputes between private individuals, and the latter are prosecuted by the state. Sometimes an individual takes an action in the law of tort because he has been the victim of the crime but has gained no benefit from the criminal prosecution. Sometimes there is no criminal prosecution because the police do not feel they have enough evidence or they feel that the matter is more of a private dispute than one involving public law and order. And sometimes it is difficult to find a criminal law which covers a tortuous act.
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2. There are other differences between torts and crimes. As for all civil actions, the standard of proof required is lower than in criminal prosecutions. And for many torts it is not necessary to show any particular mental element, so tort actions are often appropriate in the case of accidents.
3. Of course not every wrong committed in society is remediable in tort; the plaintiff has to show that he has suffered an action recognized as a tortuous one, and he must show that his relation to the tortfeaser (committer of the tort) gives him the legal capacity to sue. Nevertheless, the law of tort covers a wide area of wrongdoings.
4. The requirements of proof differ for each tort. Sometimes it is necessary to show a degree of carelessness, as in the tort of negligence. In others, a defendant may be liable even if he was not at fault, such as the strict liability tort where an animal you keep on your land manages to escape and cause damage. In some torts it is necessary for the plaintiff to show that he has suffered actual damage or injury, such as the tort of nuisance, whereas in others no harm need be shown.
5. Although some torts refer to specific kinds of wrongdoing, the tort of negligence is used in many different situations: when someone falls into a hole in the road, for example, or is given the wrong treatment by a hospital, or is injured by faulty machinery at work. The number of negligence actions is increasing all over the world, as is the amount of damages.
6. To win an action in negligence, a plaintiff must show that a duty of care existed between himself and the defendant at the time of the tort; that this duty of care has been breached; and that damage or injury has been suffered because of this. In English law a general principle has been developed that we owe a duty to people closely affected by our actions to avoid causing harm which we could reasonably have foreseen.
7. At one time cases were only actionable if personal injury or damage to property could be shown, but it is now possible to claim for financial loss connected to this. Indeed, a person may sue for economic loss alone if this resulted from a negligent false statement, as in the case of a garage owner whose business failed to make profits because the previous owner had not told him a new road being built would divert cars away from the garage. Damages are now awarded for the mental distress caused by an accident, as well as the physical suffering. And it may even be possible for a third party to sue after suffering nervous shock as the result of witnessing an accident.
5. Выполните задания на базе текста №1:
5.1. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: гражданское правонарушение; противоправное деяние; возбудить гражданское дело; истец; ответчик; делинквент; спор; подлежать преследованию; предъявлять иск; возмещение ущерба; обязанность соблюдать осторожность; извлекать пользу; противоправное деяние, подлежащее рассмотрению в гражданском суде; жертва; доказательство.
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