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Lesson 21. Air defense structure. Air defense (AD)
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УРОК 21
СТРУКТУРА ПВО
LESSON 21
AIR DEFENSE STRUCTURE
Exercise 3. Read and learn the following words and word combinations by heart:
| air defense (AD) | противовоздушная оборона |
| distant early warning line (DEW line) | рубеж дальнего радиолокационного обнаружения |
| general air defense | ПВО страны |
| area air defense | ПВО района (территориальная ПВО) |
| point air defense | ПВО объекта |
| antiaircraft defense | ПСО (противосамолётная оборона) |
| missile defense | противоракетная оборона (ПРО) |
| penetration of air space | проникновение в воздушное пространство |
| penetration of air defense | преодоление системы ПВО |
| revetment | Капонир |
| sensor | датчик, чувствительный элемент |
| IFF interrogator | запросчик «свой-чужой» |
| IFF transponder | ответчик «свой-чужой» |
| target present data | текущие координаты цели |
| target designation | целеуказание |
| display board | табло отображения информации |
| fan-shaped beam | веерный луч |
| airborne early warning aircraft | самолёт радиолокационного дозора |
| radar picket ship | корабль радиолокационного дозора |
| over-the-horizon-back-scatter (OTH-B) radar | загоризонтная РЛС |
| aerospace attack | воздушно-космическое нападение |
| North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) | командование воздушно-космической обороны Северной Америки |
| North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) (ист. ) | Объединенное командование ПВО североамериканского континента (HОPAД) |
| NORAD СОС — NORAD Combat Operations Center | Боевой оперативный центр НОРАД |
| NORAD SC — NORAD Surveillance Center | Центр сбора и обработки данных наблюдения НОРАД |
| NORAD SDC — NORAD Space Defense Center | Центр космической обороны НОРАД |
| BMEWS — Ballistic Missile Early Warning System | система дальнего обнаружения баллистических ракет |
| Mid-Canada Line | рубеж радиолокационного обнаружения «Мид Канада» |
| Pine tree line | рубеж радиолокационного обнаружения " Пайн Три" |
| SPADATS — Space Detection and Tracking System | система обнаружения и слежения за воздушным и космическим пространством |
| SEWS — Satellite Early Warning System | система раннего обнаружения и слежения за спутниками противника |
| to scan the air space | осуществлять наблюдение за воздушным пространством |
| to predict the path of the target | осуществлять расчёт траектории полёта |
| to transmit (generate) target designation instructions | вырабатывать (выдавать) данные целеуказания |
| to alert active AD forces | приводить активные средства ПВО в боевую готовность |
| to scramble fighter-interceptors | поднять (по тревоге) истребители-перехватчики |
| to lock on | осуществить захват |
| to pick up | обнаруживать и захватывать |
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:
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AIR DEFENSE (AD)
The term ‘air defense’ denotes defensive measures taken against attack by aircraft or other flying objects. It consists of two types of activities (a) active AD to prevent or oppose enemy penetration of air space or AD and (b) passive AD to reduce the effect of enemy air action. In general, active AD includes the detection, identification, interception and destruction of attacking aircraft or missiles. Passive AD includes dispersion, camouflage, evacuation, provision of air raid shelters, revetments, etc. Active AD of a vast area is termed general AD (or national AD), while that of a small area or an isolated objective is known as area AD for the former and point AD for the latter.
The effective AD system should provide necessary warning and protection against aerial (aerospace) attacks as a balanced whole. Detection and warning are afforded by sophisticated radar systems, sensors, electronic means, IR and communication equipment. Protection is provided by the intricate weapons systems of antiaircraft, antiballistic missile and extraterrestrial defense forces. In addition there may be ECM techniques to prevent own radars and communications against jamming and to jam enemy radars and communications.
Basic to any AD system is the early warning radar system consisting of two different types of defense radars: (a) search (surveillance) broad-beam radar stations to detect objects in the airspace, and (b) tracking narrow-beam radar stations designed to lock-on any object picked up by the detection radars. When unknown aircraft is detected it should be identified as friendly or hostile. For this purpose target identification radars are used. They comprise IFF interrogator and IFF responder systems. Apart from determining such target present data as elevation, bearing and range, the tracking radar can also produce target speed information by means of the Doppler effect. The target data is then passed on to an electronic computer which records and predicts the path of the target, and transmits target designation instructions to the fire control system.
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