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Ex. 9. Match the phrases given in column A with their translations in column B.
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| A | B |
1.  labor costs
| a) время перевозки |
| 2. time consumption | b) простой при обмене вагонами |
| 3. transit time | c) круг людей, занимающихся перевозками |
| 4. untouched freight | d) перегрузка транспортнoгo терминалa |
| 5. shipping public | e) затраты на рабочую силу |
| 6. innovative tool | f) экономия энергоресурсов |
| 7. terminal congestion | g) инновационный способ |
| 8. interchange delay | h) нетронутый груз |
| 9. energy saving | i) затраченное время |
Read the text and translate it using a dictionary if necessary.
Containerization
(1) In recent decades, containerization has undergone an enormous growth in the United States. It is a quick, economical, and efficient means of optimizing intermodal transportation. In its simplest form, it involves the shipment of freight from origin to destination in vans or boxes. The typical containerized export movement, for example, might include:
- the loading of goods by their manufacturer into a single van-type container,
- the movement of the container by motor carrier from the manufacturer’s factory to the port of Savannah,
- the loading of the container aboard a ship destined for Hamburg,
- the movement at Hamburg of the container from the ship to a rail flatcar destined for Stuttgart,
- the unloading at Stuttgart of the container’s contents by the consignee.
(2) If the goods in the above example had not moved in container, their transport would have required individual loading and unloading at each point, causing increase in labor costs, time consumption, and damage and loss claims. When transporting your goods in containers you don’t have to handle them at points except the origin and destination. Therefore containerization considerably reduces transit time, handling and export packaging costs, and the possibility of damage and theft. It permits freight to be loaded at inland origins and remain untouched throughout the journey until the containers arrive at inland destinations. Its utilization promises predictability of overall transportation costs, improved control and coordination of intermodal shipments, and rate reductions.
(3) The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) recognized the innovative nature of containerization, which permitted the efficient and economical coordination of intermodal operations. The Commission paid special attention to the benefits to be derived from increased employment of containerized operations.
(4) It has always been the policy of this Commission to support the development of intermodal transportation, and containerization is a useful, innovative tool in that development. The services provided by container traffic offer numerous benefits directly to the shipping public (i.e. consignees and consignors).
(5) Among these benefits are: a reduction in packaging requirements; increased shipment integrity resulting in a reduction in loss, damage, and theft; less handling and warehousing; avoidance of terminal congestion and interchange delays; faster transit times; energy saving; and more efficient use of equipment. The main benefit is, of course, less costly transportation of goods for the public in general.
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(6) Successful container movement depends greatly upon fast operation of ships between ports and reduction of the time consumed in port for unloading and loading cargo. Containerships now generally call only at the largest of ports, and often hundreds of containers are unloaded at one time from a single vessel. Offloaded containers must quickly be removed from the port facilities, and arriving containers must be delivered according to the water carrier’s loading schedule. Coordination of movements is also required in the loading of empty containers on the over-the-road trailers. In addition, certain freight receivers require timed pickups or deliveries in order to facilitate the unloading or loading of shipments and to prevent disruption of plant production*. Without quick motor carrier service the full potential benefits of intermodal containerized freight service cannot be realized.
Note: * disruption of plant production - нарушение нормального хода работы;
срыв функционирования.
Ex. 10. Go back to the text, guess the meanings of the following phrases and translate them into Russian:
in recent decades; predictability of overall transportation costs; handling and export packaging costs; the innovative nature; to support the development; offloaded containers; at one time; according to the water carrier’s loading schedule; empty containers; quick motor carrier service.
Ex. 11. Search the text for the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:
претерпевать огромный рост; портовое оборудование; погрузка контейнера на корабль; содержимое контейнера; вам нет необходимости …; это позволяет осуществлять погрузку …; непосредственно грузоотправителю и грузополучателю; график погрузки; своевременный вывоз; облегчить погрузку и выгрузку.
Ex. 12. Go back to the text and using the paragraph reference find the words which are similar to:
v increase, fast, consignment, starting point, usual, commodities, vessel (Paragraph 1)
v carry, expenses, diminish, risk, come to, use, total, tariff (Paragraph 2)
v advantage, traffic (Paragraph 3)
v strategy, support, helpful, instrument, many (Paragraph 4)
v security, journey, time, power, major, moving (Paragraph 5)
v very much, freight, normally, timetable, as well, consignee, to make easy, possible, to carry out (Paragraph 6)
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