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Дополнительные вопросы и задания для обсуждения
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Дополнительные вопросы и задания для обсуждения
1 Приведите примеры социальных, мифологических, этнических, политических, религиозных символов из англоязычной лингвокультуры. Какие функции выполняют эти символы?
2 а) Распределите следующие символы по группам: 1) социальная символика; 2)этническая символика; 3)мифологическая символика; 4) религиозная символика; 5) художественная символика; 6) политическая символика; 7) государственная символика:
Flag, cross, Tory Party, a picture of Repin, a slogan, a crescent moon, wisent /aurochs, Gorgon (medusa), the White House, hymn, lynx, hairstyle, a wigwam, State Emblem, country folk, coat of arms, relatives, a birch, Achilles (Achilles’ heel), thistle, rose, St Andrew’s Cross, Italians, shamrock, Microsoft, daffodil.
б) Дайте аргументированное объяснение данным символам и скажите, где и в каких случаях они используются; какая культурная информация содержится в данных символах.
3 Что означают символы на английском /американском / белорусском / российском флагах?
4 Определите, что означают символы на рисунке 2. 1; с какой страной данные символы и знаки ассоциируются; найдите информацию об истории их происхождения:
Рисунок 2. 1
5 Какие архетипы можно выделить в британской /американской, белорусской / русской лингвокультурах? Дайте их интерпретацию. Приведите примеры архетипов из данных лингвокультур.
6 Уточните, какая культурная информация содержится в архетипе козла, зайца в белорусской и англоязычной (британской /американской) лингвокультурах, что лежит в его основе и какова культурная коннотация выражений с данным словом.
Практические задания
1 Study the symbols below. Define what kind of symbols / signs they are, what they are used for and what function they perform (рисунок 2. 2).
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Рисунок 2. 2
2 Here are some more signs. Work in pairs. Can you explain what these signs mean? Give the explanation of their meaning similar to the explanations given above in exercise 1 (рисунок 2. 3).
Рисунок 2. 3
3 Look at the symbols (A-U) which you need to know while traveling. Match them with their numbered descriptions (1-21) (рисунок 2. 4).
Рисунок 2. 4
1) Audible guides available 12) Telephone
2) British railway station 13) No photography is allowed
3) Bus route 14) Photography is allowed
4) Café 15) Recorded information
5) Cloakroom 16) Restaurant
6) Church service 17) River boat boarding point
7) Escalator 18) Shop
8) Guided tours available 19) Parking
9) Information point 20) Underground station
10) Lift 21) Wheelchair access
11) Men’s and women’s toilets
4 Work in pairs. Make up an imaginary story about yourself, including all of these pictograms. Make notes on the main events (рисунок 2. 5).
Рисунок 2. 5
5 Read the text and do the following exercises: a) draw the traffic signs, described in the text; b) tell your friend about the origin and history of traffic signs; discuss their advantages and drawbacks:
The History of Traffic Signs
It was probably the Romans who first used ‘traffic signs’ in Britain. They marked their roads with stones which were called ‘milliaries’. These marked off distances of one thousand paces (about one mile) with some stones being larger and showing distances to settlements etc. The word ‘mile’ probably originates from the ‘milliary’.
The origin of signposts is obscure since there are very few references to them in history books. Most early signposts were erected by private individuals at their own expense and some of these signs can still be seen around the countryside. A law was passed in 1648 requiring each Parish to place guide posts at its crossroads, but it was not until after the General Turnpike Act of 1773, which imposed a duty on Turnpike Trusts to erect and maintain signposts, that these ‘guides’ or ‘fingerposts’ became more common.
The 1773 Act also made it necessary to set up mile posts for the charging of tolls, but the mile did not become a standard measurement until 1864. This was necessary because some of the Turnpike Trusts, whose tolls were levied on a per mile basis, had been interpreting the distance to their own advantage.
During the latter part of the nineteenth century the increasing popularity of the bicycles brought recognition of new hazards to road users and it was considered that new signs were needed. Steep hills and sharp bends were very dangerous to early cyclists and ‘danger’ and ‘caution’ signs were erected at the top of steep hills. Signs showing a skull and crossbones were erected at the most dangerous places. Local authorities and cycling organizations installed an estimated 4, 000 warning signs, which eventually began to lose their effectiveness because of over-use.
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The ending of the ‘red flag’ requirement in 1986 heralded the era of the motor car and some motoring associations took up the business of placing signs. The motor Car Act of 1903 made local authorities responsible for placing certain warning and prohibitory signs. The signs were for crossroads, steep hills and dangerous bends. A hollow red triangle indicated a warning sign and a solid red disc signified prohibitions. Speed limit sign had a hollow white ring above the plate giving the speed limit in figures. Other notices were on diamond shaped boards.
‘A’ and ‘B’ numbering of roads was introduced in 1921 and these numbers were shown on finger post style signs alongside the destination and distance. Town and village names signs and warning signs for schools, level crossing and double bends were introduced at the same time.
Furthermore, a committee was set up to consider improvements and by 1933 further new signs began to appear including ‘No entry’ and ‘Keep left’ signs, warning signs for narrow roads and bridges, low bridges, roundabouts and hospitals. Other signs followed during the 1930s including ‘Halt at a major road ahead’. Moreover, in the 1930s white lines were used as ‘stop’ lines at road junctions controlled either by police or by traffic lights, for marking the course to be taken at bends, junctions and corners and also for indicating the proximity of refuges and other obstacles in the carriageway.
The provision of new signs is a continuous process. As the volume and type of traffic on the roads change, ways of giving essential information to drivers and improving traffic flow and road safety have to be reviewed. Following pressure from the freight industry and the police, the basis for controlling the movement of heavy goods vehicles was changed in 1981from unladed weight to maximum gross weight and at the same time, to continue the move towards the European system of signing, the weights used were changed from the imperial ‘ton’ to the metric ‘tonne’ indicated by the letter ‘T’ on signs.
Increasing tourist traffic created an increased demand for more signs showing the way to specific places of interest and to local facilities. Direction signs with white lettering on a brown background and often incorporating symbols indicating the nature of the attraction are now being used for this purpose.
Today it is estimated that there are about 2, 500, 000 upright signs and signals on the roads in England and about 850, 000 road marking of various types. The future will undoubtedly see more developments in traffic signing to keep pace with the changing traffic demands on the roads.
(“Know your traffic signs. ” Department of Transport)
Рекомендуемая литература
1 Тен, Ю. П. Культурология и межкультурная коммуникация / Ю. П. Тен. – Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 2007. – C. 153-163.
2 Юнг, К. Г. Психология бессознательного / К. Г. Юнг. – М., 1996. – 352 c.
3 Маслова, В. А. Введение в лингвокультурологию / В. А. Маслова. – М., 1997. – С. 13-15.
4 Павильч, А. А. Основы культурологического знания: Пособие для студентов лингвистических специальностей, гуманитарных вузов / А. А. Павильч. – Минск, 2008. – C. 60-64.
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5 Похлебкин, В. В. Словарь международной символики и эмблематики / В. В. Похлебкин. – М., 1994. – 544 с.
6 Рубцов, Н. Н. Символ в искусстве и жизни / Н. Н. Рубцов. – М., 1991. – С. 15-26.
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