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Topic: Allergy. Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions. Mechanism of types 1-4 hypersensitivity reaction.
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CLASS 13
Topic: Allergy. Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions. Mechanism of types 1-4 hypersensitivity reaction.
Questions to be discussed:
1. Allergens. Classification of allergens based on their origin.
2. Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions. Mechanism of class I hypersensitivity.
3. Immunopathogenesis of anaphylactic reactions.
4. Generalized and atopic reactions. Methods of prevention.
5. In vivo skin tests their application in diagnosis of type 1 hypersensitivity.
6. In vitro diagnostic tests and their application.
7. Immunopathogenesis of antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions.
8. Clinical examples of type 2 hypersensitivity.
9. Immunopathogenesis of immune-complex-mediated reaction. Serum sickness.
10. Immunopathogenesis of cell-mediated reaction of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH).
11. Diagnosis and treatment of immunopathological reactions.
Practical tasks:
1. Describe the mechanism of the type-1 allergy.
2. List the drugs used in treatment of type-1 hypersensitivity. Describes the mechanism of desensitization.
3. Draw a scheme of in vitro ELISA test to identify sensitizing allergen.
4. Describe the mechanism of the type 2 hypersensitivity reaction, indicating mechanisms of the tissue damage.
5. Examine a scheme of the type 3 hypersensitivity reaction, indicating localization of the reaction. Describe the differences in type 2 and type 3 reactions.
6. Explain a scheme of the type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction, indicating mechanisms of tissue damage
Teacher’s signature __________________
Date__________________
CLASS 14
Topic: Immunodeficiency. Autoimmunity and аutoimmune diseases. Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Immunomodulators.
Questions to be discussed:
1. Immunodeficiencies. Classification basing on:
- mechanism (primary and secondary);
- type of immunity (innate or acquired);
- type of the immune response (B-cell, T-cell, combined).
2. Examples of B-cell immunodeficiency.
3. Examples of T-cell immunodeficiency.
4. Examples of severe combined immunodeficiency.
5. Immunodeficiency caused by HIV.
6. Autoimmune diseases, mechanism of development.
7. Immunomodulators, their classification:
- immunostimulators (tymosin, interleukins, interferons, interferonogens);
- immunosupressors (hormones, cytostatics, anti-interleukin receptor McAbs).
Practical tasks:
1. Study еру examples of B-cell immunodeficiencies.
| Agammaglobulinemias | |||||
| 1. 1 | X-linked | Decrease in all serum Ig isotypes; reduced B cell number | Pre-B checkpoint defect; Btk mutation | ||
| 1. 2 | Aautosomal recessive forms | Decrease in all serum Ig isotypes; reduced B cell number | Pre-B receptor checkpoint defect; mutation in IgM heavy chain (m) | ||
| Hypogammaglobulinemias/isotype defects
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| 2. 1 | Selective IgA deficitncy | Decreased IgA; increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and protozoa such as Giardia lamblia | Mutations in TACI | ||
| 2. 2 | Selective IgG2 deficitncy | Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections | Small subsets have deletion in IgHg locus | ||
| 2. 3 | Common variable immu-nodeficiency | Hypogammaglobulinemia; normal or decrea-sed B cell numbers | Mutations in ICOS and TACI in some patients | ||
2. Study examples of T-cell immunodeficiencies.
| NN | Disease |
Function Deficiencies | Mechanism of defect | |
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Defects in thymus development | ||||
| Defective pre-TCR check-point | Decreased T cells; normal or reduced B cells; reduced serum Ig |
Mutations in CD45, CD3D, CD3E, ORA11 (CRAC channel component– calcium release activated channel), STIMI | ||
| DiGeorge syndrome | Decreased T cells; normal B cells; normal or reduced serum Ig |
22q1 chromosome deletion; T-box 1 (TBX1) transcription factor mutation | ||
| Fox N1 deficiency | Thymic aplasia with defective thymus cell development |
Recessive mutation in FOXN1 causing rudimentary thymus; Fox N1 gene codes fore Forkhead family transcription factor that is required for the normal development of certain ectoderm–derived cell types | ||
3. Fill in the table for immunotropic preparations:
| Natural preparations: -Plant origin -Animal (human) origin -Microbial origin | |
| Synthetic preparations | |
| Recombinant preparations |
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