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The basic sections of hygiene. Methods of hygienic researches. Basic indicators of population health . Composition environment and biosphere
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THE BASIC SECTIONS OF HYGIENE
The contents of hygiene as science is determined by the list of its basic sections:
· General hygiene (propaedeutics of hygiene)
· Hygiene of nutrition
· Municipal hygiene
· Hygiene of environment
· Hygiene of work
· Hygiene of children and teenagers
· Hospital hygiene
· Hygiene of extreme situations
· Military hygiene
· Hygiene of hot climate
· Radiating hygiene
· Other sections - transport, sports hygiene etc.
METHODS OF HYGIENIC RESEARCHES
Alongside with the methods used in other medical sciences - physical, biochemical, physiological, morphological, hygiene has a number of specific methods of research:
1. Epidemiological method - studying health of the population on basic quantity indicators as integrated criterion quality of environment.
BASIC INDICATORS of POPULATION HEALTH
а) Demographic - death rate, birth rate, natural increase, average life expectancy etc.,
b) Parameters of morbidity (common sick rate, morbidity etc. ),
c) Physical development – (weight, height) - is especial important at children and teenagers,
d) Disablement (invalid) of the population ( amount of invalids in population, reasons (diseases) of invalidity, etc).
2. Method sanitary inspection. The very first method in hygiene - sanitary inspection of object (for example, eating house with drawing up the act of sanitary inspection).
3. Method sanitary examination - examination civil-engineering designs of objects to correspond hygienic requirements, examination food stuffs (comparison parameters of product to requirements of state standards and the decision on opportunity realization food product).
4. Method hygienic experiment - studying action the harmful factor on organism of animals in laboratory experiment with modelling conditions of real influence on the person with revealing sensitive systems, limit and invalid levels of influence - basis of hygienic reglamentation harmful factors.
COMPOSITION ENVIRONMENT AND BIOSPHERE
| ENVIRONMENT | BIOSPHERE |
| 1. Athmosphere air ( Air in rooms) | 1. A troposphere- low layer of atmosphere 10-18km |
| 2. Water of reservoirs Drinking water | 2. Hydrosphere - up to 11km |
| 3. Ground | 3. A litosphere - up to 12 kms |
| 4. Food stuffs |
CLASSIFICATION FACTORS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
| HYGIENIC | ECOLOGIC |
| 1. Physical (noise, vibration, EMF, radiation etc. ) | 1. ABIOTIC (nonliving nature) |
| 2. Chemical (various substances, gases) | 2. BIOTIC (alive nature) |
| 3. Biological (microbes, viruses, bioactive materials) | 3. Anthropogenic (technogenic) |
| 4. Psychogenic (psycho-physiological) |
THE STATE SANITARY INSPECTION
Hygiene is the scientific part of preventive medicine.
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Sanitary is the practical part of hygiene – it aim is the application hygienic requirements in practice and the control it performance.
In each country there is the special public service, supervising observance the sanitary legislation. In Ukraine such special public service named sanitary-epidemiological service (SES) and is part of Ministry Public Health of the country.
Bases of the sanitary legislation.
SES in the work is guided by Laws, State standards, Sanitary norms and rules, Lists of the Maximal Permissible Concentrations of harmful substances in objects of environment, instructions and orders of Ministry Public Health and the Main state sanitary doctor of the country or region.
The basic document for SES on Ukraine - the Law of Ukraine 1994 " About sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of Ukraine ".
KINDS OF STATE SANITARY INSPECTION:
1) PREVENTIVE - it is carried out at designing, construction and delivery objects by sanitary examination projects and sanitary inspection of building object on conformity to hygienic requirements. Also it is carried by hygienic reglamentation harmful factors in environment.
2) CURRENT - check observance hygienic requirements at functioning object, control levels pollution of environmental or industrial environment, application economic, administrative or criminal sanctions.
STRUCTURE SANITARY-AND-EPIDEMIOLOGIC SERVICE OF UKRAINE
Heads this section of public health services the Main State sanitary doctor of Ukraine - the first deputy minister of public health services of Ukraine.
The Main state sanitary doctor of Ukraine submit the Main state sanitary doctors Republic Crimea, districts, cities, city and rural regions.
The main state sanitary doctor is responsible for sanitary-epidemiological well-being of the population of the region according to the Law on sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population of Ukraine. He in submission has special establishments - sanitary-epidemiological stations (SES).
Establishments of sanitary-epidemiological service
For realization the state sanitary inspection there are special establishments - sanitary-epidemiological stations which share on Republican (Ukraine and Crimea), district, city and regional (in cities and rural areas). Basic structural divisions SES - sanitary-hygienic department (branches hygiene of nutrition, hygiene of work, municipal hygiene, hygiene of children and teenagers), epidemiological department and the appropriate laboratories.
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