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Composition. Conversion. Abbreviation. Blends. IV. Phraseology
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Composition
Exercise 1 p. 35
Discriminate between compound words and free word-groups:
railway station, bluebell, dragon-fly, wolf-dog, pearl necklace, school-building, oak tree, mellow voice, give-and-take policy, passer-by, downfall, velvet mask, stone wall, brown bear, armchair.
Exercise 7 p. 37 – 38
Comment on the meaning of the compound with that of its components:
1. butterball, buttermilk, butterwoman, butter-fingers.
2. butterwoman, milkwoman, horsewoman.
3. Lady-bird, lady-help, lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love.
4. black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-hearted, chicken-hearted, cold-hearted, light-hearted, cruel-hearted.
Conversion
Exercise 2 p. 44
a) Compare the following verbs with the corresponding nouns.
b) Comment on their form and meaning.
c) Use these verbs in sentences of your own.
| 1. ape 2. ass 3. dog 4. duck 5. fish 6. eye 7. finger 8. head 9. shoulder 10. top 11. dress 12. pocket 13. line | - to ape - to ass - to dog - to duck - to fish - to eye - to finger - to head - to shoulder - to top - to dress - to pocket - to line | 14. hound 15. monkey 16. rat 17. wolf 18. back 19. bone 20. blood 21. face 22. collar 23. square 24. star 25. cork | - hound - monkey - rat - wolf - back - bone - blood - face - collar - square - star - cork |
Exercise 3 p. 44 – 45
Translate the following into English (Use words from exercise 2):
1. Не напрашивайтесь на комплименты. 2. Санитарка перевязала раненому руку. 3. Черноглазый солдат посмотрел на незнакомца с подозрением, а когда тот попытался скрыться, схватил его за шиворот и повёл в штаб. 4. Наш отряд столкнулся лицом к лицу с неприятелем. 5. Все рабочие поддержали выступление своего депутата. 6. Он пристально посмотрел на собеседника, положил документы в карман и спокойно вышел из кабинета.
Abbreviation
Exercise 5 p. 55
Write out in full the following shortened words:
A. T., B-girl, UNO, UNESCO, V-day, mike, ike, ad, sub, USA, tec, mob, lab, comfy.
Blends
Exercise 1
a) Explain the formation of the following blends.
b) Translate them into Russian.
flush, glaze, good-bye, slash, smog, flurry, twirl, chortle, dumbfound, cablegram, electrocute, galumph, swellegant, zebrule, dollarature, animule, fruice.
slash = slay, sling + dash, gash
flurry = flash + hurry
twirl = twist + whirl
chortle = chuckle + snort
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dumbfound = dumb + confound
IV. Phraseology
Exercise 1 p. 116
Pick out all the phraseological units from the following sentences and state which of the are (1) fusions, (2) unities, (3) word combinations.
1. They were compelled by some devilish accident of birth or lack of force or resourcefulness to stew in their own juice of wretchedness. (Th. Dr. )
2. … “I’d like to have a day or two in which to think it over…”.
“Why, certainly, certainly, Mr. Cowperwood, ” replied Stener genially. “That’s all right. Take your time. ” (id. )
3. It was now that he began to take a keen interest in objects or art, pictures, bronzes, little carvings and figurines, for his cabinets, pedestals, tables and é tagè res. (id. )
4. “Fool of a lad! I swear you might have had her. ”
“By what token, Mrs. Yorke? ”
“By every token. By the light of her eyes, the red of her cheeks: red they grew when your name was mentioned, though of custom they are pale. ”
“My chance is quite over, I suppose? ”
“It ought to be; but try: it is worth trying. I call this Sir Philip milk-and-water. And then he writes verses, they say – tag rhymes. You are above that, Bob, at all events. ”
“Would you advise me to propose, late as it is, Mrs. Yorke, at the eleventh hour? ”
“You can but make the experiment, Robert. If she has a fancy for you – and, on my conscience, I believe she has, or had – she will forgive much. But, my lad, you are laughing: is it at me? You had better grin at your own perverseness. I see, however, you laugh at the wrong side of your mouth: you have as sour a look at this moment as one need wish to see. ” (Ch. B. )
5. “You never plotted to win a husband, I’ll be bound, ” pursued Mrs. Yorke, “and you have not the benefit of previous experience to aid you in discovering when others plot. ” Caroline felt this “kind” language where the benevolent speaker intended she should feel it – in her very heart. She couldn’t even parry the shafts: she was defenceless for the present: to answer would have been to avow that the cap fitted. Mrs. Yorke, looking at her as she sat with troubled downcast eyes… and figure expressing in its bent attitude and unconscious tremor all the humiliation and chagrin she experienced, felt the sufferer was fair game. (id. )
6. Jos, a clumsy and timid horseman, did not look to advantage in the saddle. “Look at him, Amelia dear… Such a bull in a china shop I never saw. ” (Thack. )
7. I n the end he parted friends with both Tighe and Rivers.
“That’s a smart young fellow, ” observed Tighe, ruefully.
“He’ll make his mark, ” rejoined Rivers. (Th. Dr. )
8. … unconscious of that gentleman’s good opinion of himself, and of the service he had secretly rendered him in recommending him as a gardener to Mr. Yorke … he continued to harbour a grudge against his austerity. (Ch. B. )
Exercise 2 p. 117
a) Give Russian equivalents of the following English proverbs and sayings.
b) Memorize those you like best.
1. Proverbs are children of experience. 2. When a man’s coat is threadbare, it is easy to pick a hole in it. 3. Books are ships which pass through the vast seas of time. 4. Advice like water takes the form of the vessel it is poured into. 5. Knowledge is a treasure: but practice is the key to it. 6. People may be petty, but work never is. 7. Men make houses, but women make homes. 8. Two heads are better than one. 9. A man will never change his mind if he has no mind to change. 10. A fool’s tongue is long enough to cut his own throat. 11. An empty bag cannot stand upright. 12. Necessity is a hard nurse, but she raises strong children. 13. Little things please little minds. 14. Fortune favours the brave. 15. Better die standing than live kneeling. 16. By the street of “By-and-by” one arrives at the house of “Never”. 17. Dear is honey that is licked from the thorn. 18. From the same flower the bee extracts honey and the wasp gall. 19. A candle lights others and consumes itself. 20. A dwarf on a giant’s shoulders sees further of the two. 21. Use soft words and hard arguments.
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Exercise 5 p. 124
a) Analyze the structure of the following phraseological units.
b) Give their Russian equivalents.
2. Can the leopard change his spots? 3. To have (to put) all one’s eggs in one basket. 7. When the cat’s away the mice will play. 10. To eat humble pie. 14. Tell it to the marines! 16. To grasp a (the) shadow and let go (lose, miss) a (the) substance. 18. To have a finger in the pie.
Exercise 6 p. 126
a) Give a detailed explanation of the peculiar usage of phraseological units in the following passages. State in what way the authors quoted change the original form of the units (for example: by inserting additional words, by means of lexical substitution, by changing the whole structure, etc. ).
b) Explain why they remain phraseological units though their syntactical construction may vary like that of free word combinations (see exercise 5).
1. Lady Mont crossed the room and took up the slim volume from the bedside table.
“The leopard! But he did change them, Dinny. ”
“He did not, Auntie: he had no spots to change. ” (Galsw. )
2. “Well, tell us frankly: What’s going to win tomorrow? ”
“Frankly, ” said the solicitor … “it depends on your sister, Miss Cherrell … if Lady Gorven keeps her head and her temper, we may pull through …. There are one or two birds on the jury I don’t like the look of. The foreman’s one. The average man, you know, is dead against wives leaving without notice …. There is a prejudice against mice playing when the cat’s away …”. (id. )
3. “To mention that to the Committee, ” Sir Lawrence said slowly, “would certainly be telling it to the marines. ” (id. )
4. They knew so well what they wanted. They were almost Forsytes. They would never grasp a shadow and miss a substance. (id. )
5. The isolation in which she had been ever since the meeting with Wilfred under Foch’s statue now showed nakedly. All her eggs had been in one basket, and the basket had fallen. (id. )
6. … But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie – so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger. (id. )
7. The Squire broke in: “Don’t think that I’ll have any humble pie eaten to that fellow Bellew. ” (B. Sh. )
Exercise 9 p. 129
Translate the following units, giving their literal and figurative meaning:
I. 1. To get (take) the bit between one’s teeth. 2. To come (get) to the end of one’s tether (to reach the end of one’s tether). 3. To blunt the edge of …. 4. To raise (bring, stir up) a hornet’s nest about one’s ears. 5. To nip (check, crush) in the bud. 6. To give the reins to (to give loose rein to). 7. To go a long way. 8. To draw the curtain (on, over). 9. To lay something at the door of. 10. To pull the strings. 11. To turn the corner. 12. To go (swim) with the stream (with the current, with the tide).
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