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Interhospital infection (cross infection)
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Interhospital infection (cross infection)
There are numbers of infections spread in the hospital as m-
infection and infection of respiratory system.
The cause of cross infection:
1. Patient with chronic diseases
2. Bad sanitary situation in hospital
3. The carriers
4. The medical staff
Prophylactic of cross infections in hospital
1. Good sanitary and hygienic regimen in hospital
2. Sterilisation of the instruments and bandages
3. Should be fully natural lighting of the department
4. The microclimate should be at the recommended level
5. Using the UV-rays lamp for disinfection of the air
6. Chemical and bacteriological analysis of the air must be
7. Using the natural and artificial ventilation's
NATURAL HAZARDSAND MEDICINE OF CATASTROPHE.
Catastrophe: any incident in certain areas which may result in death or trauma of population, economic hazards with the environmental pollution.
Character:
• if suffer more than 15 persons
• if die more than 4 persons
• if taken ill more than 50 persons in the same time
Hygiene of catastrophe: Science of evaluation the sanitary and hygeinic problems, as out break after catastrophe, to master these problems and to preserve live and health distressed population in that area.
Medicine of catastrophe: medical services to master the results of catastrophe and express primary health care in the area of hazards. The results of catastrophe depend upon. ttuod?
1. Types of externals factors
a) Mechanical factors - as Electro-trauma
b) Physical factors - as radiation, noise and vibration
c) Chemical factors
d) High and low temperatures
e) Biological factors - as infectious diseases
f) Artificial factors - transport incident
g) Social factors • unemployment, starvation.
2. Climate and geographical situation,.
3. Age of population
4. Economic status of the area
Classification
1. Natural hazards as floods, tornado and
2. Artificial hazards as explosions and Fire
3. Social hazards as starvation, unemploymenfeatidaferi.
The main problems
1. Dead bodies as a source of infections
2. Problem of mass vaccinations
3. Social and psychological problems
4. Food problems and starvation
5. Quality and quantity of water
6. Water and food infections
7. Difficulty with the drugs (drug shortages)
8. Dwelling problems
9. Environmental pollution
10. Problem with transport
11. Communicable diseases
12. Wastes and refuse disposal,
Stages to resolve:
• acute stage (isolation) first 2 days (primary healthcare)
• salvation stage next 7 days (all types of medical services)
• recovery stage it takes about 2-3 months.
Role of medical personals
1. Primary health care
2. Health education
3. Prophylactics of infectious diseases
4. Prophylactics of food poisoning
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5. Purification of drinking water
6. Take part in resolving the housing problems
7. To resolve the problems of environmental polhitian
8. Food inspections
9. Cleanliness of surrounding
10. Sanitary-epidemiological services
11. Mass vaccination if there is any need.
Exercise
In rural areas where the population was about 20000 persons. They used the water from the river. There was a flood in summer time. .
Questions:
• Type of problems as real
• The function of medical personals?
• The methods of water purification's?
The ways to resolve the problem of wastes
refiise
posal?
The causes of environmental pollutioa?
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
This is an important branch of preventive medicine, ft deals with, protection of the health of the worker.
The environment at the place of work should be healthy and free from any harmful agents as far as possible.
The factors in industries
1 Physical factors.
a) Dust
b) Temperature and humidity
c) Vibration and noise
d) Radiation
e) Mechanical factors
2. Chemical factors as, dust, gases, fumes.
3. Biological factors as. bacteria, and virus.
A man is exposed to these factors at least 6-8 hours daily at Ms place of work, and these factors may caused a professional diseases.
a - Dust
Types of dusts particles:
a) Non organic, as, stone iron and gold
b) Organic, as, wool, dried sputum, cotton, and pollen
Classification of dust diseases: I. Pneumoconiosis; Is a group of lung diseases which are [caused by inhalation of insoluble dusts particles in size 0, 5-3 microns. The particles lodged in bronchioles and alveoli, and caused their damage and development of fibrosis.
The incubation period varies from few months to many years. Clinical picture; The severity of disease depends on the naire and size of particles, and their concentration in air.
The disease is characterised by chronic cough, dyspnoea, chest pain and fatigue. Tuberculosis is a common complication.
Types of pneumoconiosis
a) Silicosis — due to inhalation of silicon dioxid (ceramic industry and metal grinding) (cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary restriction)
b) Inthracosis — due to coaldusts
с) Siderosis — due to irondusts
d) Asbestosis — due to asbestos dusts tion abnormalities, pleural effusion and lung cancer).
e)Byssinosis — due to cotton dusts
П. Skin diseases; as dermatitis and eczema
III Conjunctivitis and eyes diseases
IV. Respiratory diseases, as chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis
V. Allergic reactions
Preventive measures
1. Periodical medical examinations of the workers
2. Modification of the manufacturing process
3. Inspection of the factories;
4. Removal of dust by proper ventilation
5. Measurement of dusts concentration in air, must be done periodically
6. Personal protection methods
7. Good level of lighting and microclimate
8. Pre-selection Workers with lungs, skins, and allergic diseases should be kept away from these types of jobs
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