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Рекомендации по переводу. Формальные признаки сказуемого. 26. Copy the following sentences. Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.
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Рекомендации по переводу
Перевод английского предложения не следует начинать с первого слова. Любое предложение надо дочитать до конца и лишь после этого осмыслить его и оформить средствами русского языка.
Если понимание (перевод) предложения вызывает затруднение, рекомендуется прежде всего определить в нем сказуемое. Сказуемое составляет смысловой центр предложения, занимает относительно постоянное место и обычно имеет формальные признаки.
Формальные признаки сказуемого
| - s | … makes … |
| - | … make … |
| - ed (или особая форма у неправильных глаголов) | … made … dried … played … |
| am, is, are | … is (are) making … |
| was, were | … was (were) made … |
| have, has, had | … have (has, had) made … |
| must, should | … must (should) make … |
| have (has, had) to | … have to make … |
| am (is, are) to | … are to be made … |
| was (were) to | … was to make … |
| do, does, did | … does not make … |
| can, could | … can (could) make |
| may, might | may (might) have made |
| will, would | will (would) make |
| shall, should | shall (should) make |
| ought to | ought to make |
26. Copy the following sentences. Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. A gas-cooled reactor is a nuclear reactor in which the coolant is a gas.
2. The lowest temperature theoretically possible is called the absolute zero.
3. What do substation power supply circuits depend on?
4. The transmission lines are interconnected in switching stations. These network interconnections are referred to as buses.
5. In a power network the large blocks of electric power are transmitted on the grid of transmission lines. From the grid, power is being subdivided into smaller blocks and fed into the subtransmission parts of the power network. Finally, the consumers are being serviced from the distribution network.
6. The energy industry is undergoing considerable development.
7. The world power capacity is doubling about per decade.
8. Development of nuclear power plants for civil use began in the mid-1950s.
9. In order to meet demands for power during the day, utilities have been turning to other forms of hydroelectric systems.
10. In the electric generating field as well as in the electric transmission and storage-technology areas considerable attention is concentrated on the use of superconducting conductors because of their ability of losing their resistance under certain conditions, namely at temperatures close to absolute zero (-273°C).
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11. The maximum voltage applied to a dielectric material without causing it to break down and expressed in volts per mm is termed its dielectric strength.
12. Electrical loads or consumers in power installations are the various arrangements and installations that are used to transform electric power into mechanical, heat and chemical power, or energy.
27. Give negative answers to the following questions. Follow the model.
| Model: | Will the circuit be powered by the DC supply? No, it will not. The circuit will not be powered by the DC supply. It will be powered by the AC supply. |
1. Is the energy industry decreasing its activity?
2. Do nuclear power stations produce smoke?
3. Does the radioactive pollution from a reactor have only one form?
4. Is the result of pollution measurable by weight and volume?
28. Think of questions about the following sentences:
| 1. The first central electric power station was installed in 1882. | |||||||||
| When |
_____________________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
| What station |
________________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
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| 2. Radioactive wastes damage man and his generation. | |||||||||
| Who(m) |
___________________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
| What wastes |
________________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
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| 3. The use of water power and wind power began more than 2, 000 years ago. | |||||||||
| The use of what kind of power | ________________________________ | ? | |||||||
| When | _____________________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
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| 4. The cooling water is drawn from a source and passed through the condenser. | |||||||||
| What kind of water | __________________________________________ | ? | |||||||
| What | _________________________________________________ | from? | |||||||
| What | _______________________________________________ | through? | |||||||
29. Translate and compare. Mind variants of the predicate.
1. The device is faulty; you cannot/should not rely on its readings.
2. The cable is to/will be used to test the transmission line.
3. The electric field can be/may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force.
4. Nowadays one must/can connect power stations into power grids.
3. One has to/should take safety precautions.
6. Deserts are to/may be turned into gardens by solar energy.
7. The current must/should be as small as possible not to melt the wires.
8. A fast reactor has to/is to/must be designed to produce more fuel than it consumes.
9. The heat from the nuclear chain reactor can/is to be removed by the coolant.
Test
Choose the correct form:
1. One can (reduce, be reduced) heat losses in a transmission line.
2. Heat losses should (reduce, be reduced) constantly and effectively.
3. The output of machinery is steadily being (increasing, increased).
4. Man has been constantly (increasing, increased) the output of machinery.
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5. The main principles of energy production has (being, been) known to science for a long time.
6. The energy industry (undergoes, is undergoing) considerable development.
7. Development of nuclear power plants for civil use (began, has began) in the mid-1950s.
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