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Полнозначные и служебные слова
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Полнозначные и служебные слова
Все слова в языке подразделяются на полнозначные и служебные. К полнозначным относятся существительные, смысловые глаголы, прилагательные, наречия, числительные. Служебные слова не обозначают конкретных предметов, действий, качеств. В предложениях они связывают полнозначные слова и помогают обратить их в связную речь. К числу служебных (их называют и «короткие слова» - «small words») относятся артикли, предлоги, служебные и модальные глаголы, их заменители, союзы, послелоги. Знание служебных слов и понимание их роли необходимы для грамотного осмысления английского текста. Не следует, выписав из словаря полнозначные слова, пытаться связывать их «по смыслу». Перевод следует осуществлять только с опорой на значения «коротких слов».
30. In the following examples the verb to be has different meanings. What are they?
1. These stations can be linked up into a network.
2. It is advisable to link up these stations into a single network.
3. These stations are to be linked up into a single network.
4. Will the stations be linked up into a single network?
5. They are linking up the stations into a network.
31. Complete the sentences using the required prepositions: according to, because of, through, of, at, for, by, during, in, in case of, into:
1. The power transmitted … a wire is the product … the voltage times the amperage. … resistive losses, it is desirable to transmit power … low amperage and high voltage. … doubling the voltage, the capability … a given circuit can be quadrupled.
2. Devices are classed … the operation they are intended ….
3. This type … aerial is useful and popular … its small size.
4. … a faulty device its readings are not to be relied ….
3. Coal and oil contain sulfur … concentrations … a few percent.
6. As these fuels are burned, the sulfur is converted … sulfur-dioxide gas. … the operation … a plant, the sulfur-dioxide and other products are discharged … the air stacks, some … which are about 303 metres high.
32. Complete the sentences using the required conjunctions (both … and, than, until, since, provided, before).
1. Some devices work equally well … on direct … alternating current.
2. The set is used in regions without electricity … it operates without a battery.
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3. One should turn the knob … a click is heard.
4. … one flies to other planets one should collect as much information as possible about them.
3. Glass becomes a conductor … it is heated to a red hot.
6. A small current is cheaper … great because the wires need not be so thick.
33. Give the English equivalents of the prepositions and conjunctions in brackets and translate the sentences.
1. The energy (для) a nuclear power plant comes (из) the heat released (во время) fissioning of uranium (в) a nuclear reactor.
2. There are two main differences (между) a nuclear power plant and a steam-electric power plant. The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel (вместо) a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor (вместо) a boiler.
3. (Из-за) their high fuel consumption gas turbines are more expensive to operate than steam turbines.
4. The radioactive pollution produced (в) a reactor has all three forms: gaseous, liquid and solid.
3. The beta particles are dangerous for man (так как) they penetrate deep (в) the matter.
6. Pump-turbine units are used (как для) pumping the water (так и для) driving electric generators.
The Verbals
Неличные формы глагола
The Infinitive
Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола)
В английском языке имеется шесть форм инфинитива:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | to emit | to be emitted |
| Continuous | to be emitting | - |
| Perfect | to have emitted | to have been emitted |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been emitting | - |
Перевод инфинитива на русский язык зависит от его функции в предложении и от его формы.
34. Underline the infinitives in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. To magnetize a body requires some energy.
2. In order to build the power plant near Northfield (USA), three miles of tunnels were drilled.
3. The distance to be covered was equal to ten miles.
4. To reduce the power losses, thick wires should be used.
5. No additional components were used since they were not needed to actuate the relay.
6. Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into mechanical, heat, and chemical power.
7. At least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a. c.
8. A. c. can be increased, or decreased to meet industrial requirements.
9. Gas turbines can be started within minutes, while steam plants may require hours to be put into operation.
35. What forms of infinitives are used in the Infinitive Complexes given below - Complex Subject or Complex Object?
1. Communication is supposed to have no limits nowadays.
2. The line appeared to be demagnetized.
3. Every battery is known to possess two terminals.
4. The output of machinery is known to be steadily increasing all over the world.
5. In some countries, the nuclear power plants are believed to produce about 80 per cent of the whole amount of energy.
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6. The capacity of generating units was said to have been doubled.
7. What two conditions are necessary to cause an electric current to flow?
8. Ebonite, rubber, and glass are considered to be good insulators.
9. Nuclear plants are expected to be located away from urban areas.
10. The use of underground transmission lines is known to have been increased.
11. By 1959, maximum transmission voltages were proclaimed to have been increased to 345, 000 volts.
12. The most important problems in atomic power generation are known to be concerned with the reactor. The light-water reactor types seem to be most promising.
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