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Ex. 4.8. Make up sentences using the following words.
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Ex. 4. 8. Make up sentences using the following words.
Is, this, breed, high, dairy, yielding.
Feeds, for, not, hogs, roughage, are, hogs, good.
Much, dairy, require, water, cattle.
Some, hogs, we, of, breeds, raise.
Dual, raise, farmers, often, cattle, purpose.
Ex. 4. 9. Give Russian equivalents of the following English words and word combinations:
Do well with little care; be healthier; a common practice; to raise cattle; systems of fattening beef cattle; the quality of pasture; be mainly practiced; to increase the use of pasture; reserves of hay; unfavourable winter weather; sufficient in quantity; to keep up to midseason; mixed hay; highly nutritious feeds.
Ex. 4. 10. Make a list of words and word combinations associated with: growing cattle; feeds.
Ex. 4. 11. Use the words capitals at the end of each line to form a new word that fits in the space in the same line:
1. Corn is widely used in … hogs. FATTERN
2. Selective breeding, better housing and more … have resulted in improvements in hogs. NUTRIENT
3. Good feeding and … condition will increase milk yields. MANAGE
4. There are two main systems of … pigs. KEEP
5. The amount of milk and butter fat produced each year by a cow can be … by a proper diet. INCREASE
6. Rotational … of pasture helps to control diseases. GRAZE
7. A smaller amount of bulls is needed and consequently more rigid methods of selecting bulls can be …. PRACTICE
8. Cattle … of Schleswing Holstein in Germany also helped to develop the breed. RAISE
9. Many cattle are heavy enough before they reach …. MATURE
Ex. 4. 12. Complete the sentences.
1. Hogs are bred to supply the largest amount of (высококачественных) products at the lowest cost for the breeder. 2. The principal kinds of specialized livestock farms include cattle and sheep ranches, feed (площадки), poultry and egg farms. 3. Cattle are (содержатся) on ranches until they are to be slaughtered. 4. Feed lots (откармливать) cattle for market much faster than on the range. 5. Dairy farm specializes in (выращивании) milk cows. 6. Beef cattle have also been bred to (созревать) earlier than dairy cattle. 7. Exhibitors such as 4 H Club members start developing show cattle as soon as the calves are (отниматься от матери). 8. Dairy cattle add to our (снабжении) of beef and (телятины).
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9. Hereford requires less (уход). 10. One of the ingredients in hog feed is (кукуруза). 11. (Люцерна) and other (пастбищные) crops supply needed (витамины). 12. Lean meat is a good source of high quality (белок).
Ex. 4. 13. Answer the following questions.
1. When are animals healthier? 2. What is a common practice on farms where both beef cattle and corn are raised? 3. What grain crops are used to feed beef cattle? 4. What systems of fattening are there? 5. Where is the system of fattening on grass mainly practiced? 6. Why do farmers provide cattle with hay and roughages where winter grazing is possible? 7. What is the second system of fattening? 8. What feeds do farmers use in the ration of cows when pasture forage is scarce? 9. What feeds are cattle fed under this system? 10. What system is more effective?
Ex. 4. 14. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the text.
| grain silage profitable fattening | ration high-quality forage maturing feeding period | raised scarce calves supplement | good condition phosphorous salt legume hay |
The (1) … of cattle is a common practice on farms where both beef and corn are (2) ….
The length of the (3) … may vary from two to twelve months, depending on the age and condition of the cattle. The cattle that are more than two years old may be fattened quickly if they are in (4) …. (5) … that are less than two years old may be fattened in four to nine months. Sometimes it is (6) … to feed calves nine months or longer.
Cattle should be given not too much (7) … at the beginning of the fattening period. Some farmers use less grain and more (8) … during a longer feeding period.
Sometimes it is profitable to give the cattle some (9) … or protein concentrates late in summer when grass is (10) …. Corn silage, grass (11) … or carrots may be used in the (12) … of breeding cows when they are not on pasture or when pasture forage is (13) ….
A mineral (14) … should be provided if cattle are fed with crops produced on the soil that is known to be deficient in calcium, (15) … or other essential minerals.
Animals should have plenty of water and (16) … when they are being fattened.
Ex. 4. 15. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones (see the ex. 4. 14).
1. The fattening of cattle is a common practice where both dairy cattle and corn are raised. 2. The length of the feeding period depends on the age and condition of the cattle. 3. Cattle can’t be fattened quickly. 4. It is unprofitable to feed calves nine months or longer. 5. At the beginning of the fattening period it is not desirable to give cattle much grain. 6. Legume hay and protein concentrates are given early in summer. 7. Silage is used when pasture forage is scarce.
Ex. 4. 16. Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. What does the length of the fattening period depend on?
2. How many months is it required for fattening cattle? Calves?
3. When should cattle be supplied with much grain?
4. When is mineral supplement provided?
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