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Share your ideas with your group mates.
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Listening 
23. Look at the pictures and answer the questions:
ü What is PET scan?
ü What type of energy does this imaging test use?
ü What conditions can be diagnosed with the help of this test?
24. Check the meaning of the words below in the Medical Dictionary:
Nuclear, felicity, straw, cannula, tracer, numb, scrubs, coil, blurry
25. Choose the right answer:
1. What is Medical Imaging department?
o department where laboratory tests are performed
o department where imaging tests are performed
2. What is a nuclear medicine?
o a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of ultrasound waves to diagnose and determine the severity of a variety of diseases
o a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and determine the severity of a variety of diseases
3. Who is a felicity?
o a member of departments team, assistant
o a volunteer
4. What is a tracer?
o a special radioactive medicine put (injected) in the muscle
o a special radioactive medicine put (injected) in the blood
5. What is a PET machine?
a special type of camera to take pictures of the outside of patient’s body
a special type of camera to take pictures of the inside of patient’s body
6. How long does the PET scanning last?
about 1 hour
about 2 hour
7. What a person can do during PET scanning?
o watch a movie and lie very still
o listen to music and talk
8. May a person leave for home immediately after the test has been finished?
o Yes
o No
26. Watch the video ‘A child’s guide to hospital: MR PET’ and check your answers:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYAsenaF_sU
27. Watch the video ‘A child’s guide to hospital: MR PET’ and fill in the chart below:
| Nuclear medicine technologist | MRI technologist |
28. Watch the video ‘A child’s guide to hospital: MR PET’ and fill in the patent’s information:
| Patient | Data |
| Name | |
| Imaging test | |
| Department | |
| Examination, history taking | |
| Pretest procedures | |
| Clothing | |
| Patient’s equipment | |
| After-test procedures |
Reading
Look at the title of the text and picture below. Decide what is the test about.
30. 
Read the text and choose the sentences that clarify the title of the text.
Multidisciplinary teams
Special medical teams consisting of trained healthcare providers deal with laboratory and imaging tests.
Phlebotomists, laboratory practitioners (lab physicians), and nurses are those charged with patient blood extraction. However, in special circumstances, and emergency situations, paramedics and physicians extract blood. The blood sample is placed in a tube containing an anticoagulant (to prevent clotting) and sent to a laboratory where it will be examined. Medical laboratory professionals and pathology clinicians study blood, body fluids, tissues and other body samples to diagnose disease. A pathologist is a doctor who identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. Dyes are added to the sample of blood so that different types of blood cells can be identified. The slide with the sample of blood cells is examined under a microscope to count the number of cells and to see whether they are normal or, if abnormal, the nature of the changes.
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Appropriate use of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach. Imaging for medical purposes involves a multidisciplinary team which includes the service of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medical physicists, nurses, biomedical engineers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients. 
Radiologist is a doctor trained to read imaging studies (for example, a CT scan or an MRI scan) to help diagnose and treat diseases. Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, diagnostic radiographers and medical radiation technologists are healthcare professionals who specialize in the imaging of human anatomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathology. Radiographers are infrequently, and almost always erroneously, known as x-ray technicians. In countries that use the title radiologic technologist they are often informally referred to as techs in the clinical environment. The term radiographer can also refer to a therapeutic radiographer, also known as a radiation therapist. Radiographers work in both public healthcare and private healthcare and can be physically located in any setting where appropriate diagnostic equipment is located, most frequently in hospitals. Radiology or Lab Technician is a healthcare professional with special training to take images of a patient’s body or to withdraw blood, based on a doctor’s orders. Each member plays a distinct role in facilitating patients through their procedures and providing diagnostic images and reports for physicians so patients receive appropriate treatment.
Grammar (Revision)
Functions of One & That
31. Translate the sentences into Russian paying your attention to Functions of One & That:
1.The cell counts are compared to those of healthy individuals of similar age and sex. 2. An x-ray that shows an abnormal fluid collection can be a sign of infection, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, or a tumor. 3. Multiple tests for specific blood components are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel. 4. Most blood counts include a CBC and leukocyte differential count that gives the percentage of each WBC type. 5. In such cases, the person should have only one blood count for the day, and the transfusion of red blood cells or platelets should be planned based on that. 6. Iron deficiency anemia is one condition that shows up as a low RBC count. 7. A urine test is ordered to measure levels of proteins, blood cells and chemicals that may be found in the urine or to help diagnose kidney and bladder infections. 8. Dyes are added to the sample of blood so that different types of blood cells can be identified. 9. CT creates pictures taken from different angles and produces much clearer ones than X-rays does. 10. The main disadvantage of CT scanning is patient’s being exposed to a radiation dose many times higher than that of X-rays. 11. The presence of FDG can be detected by PET imaging in tumors as small as one centimeter. 12. A metabolic panel is one test within a "chemistry panel" which are groups of tests that are ordered often to determine a person's general health status. 13. This approach allows doctors to subclassify cell types; that classification may, in turn, help the doctor to decide on the best treatment to apply in a particular type and subtype of blood cancer. 14. The main advantage is that PET can illustrate physiologic activity, including nutrient metabolism and blood flow, of the organ or organs being targeted, whereas CT and MRI can only show static images. 15. For example, it’s important that you do not move during an imaging test so the resulting pictures are clear. 16. Most catheterization laboratories are "single plane" facilities, those that have a single X-ray generator source and an x-ray image intensifier for fluoroscopic imaging. 17. The main disadvantages of ultrasonography are that the image quality is heavily operator-dependent and it is unable to penetrate bone and gas. 18. Two images are usually taken, one from the back of the chest and another from the side. 19. Other chemicals in the body that are measured include antibodies, including those we develop from our vaccinations, hormones, minerals, and vitamins. 20. Your doctor may also order additional tests if you have multiple medical conditions (called “comorbidities”) such as heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes or other illnesses that may affect the body’s ability to fight infection, tolerate therapy or that may complicate therapy.
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Review your progress
Test for self-control
Listening
32. Watch the video ‘How X-rays see through your skin - Ge Wang’ and answer the questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsV7SJDDCY4
ü When were X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen?
ü Why did Wilhelm Roentgen give this name to his discovery?
ü How do X-rays work to create the image?
ü How are X-rays applied in medicine?
ü Why are X-rays so suitable to look at the human bones?
ü What is the mechanism of CT scanning?
ü What can CT scan detect?
ü How many scan are conducted each year worldwide?
Vocabulary
Fill in the charts:
| Laboratory tests | Test | is ordered to… |
| Blood | ||
| Urine | ||
| Imaging test | Form of Energy | Advantage | Disadvantage |
Complete Blood Count (indices meaning)
HGB (Hb, Hemoglobin) – содержание гемоглобина в цельной крови
RBC (Red Blood Cells) – абсолютное содержание эритроцитов
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) – средний объём эритроцита
MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) – среднее содержание гемоглобина в эритроците
MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) - средняя концентрация гемоглобина в эритроцитарной массе
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HCT (Hematocrit) – гематокрит
HCT\RBC – средний объём эритроцитов
HGB\RBC – среднее содержание гемоглобина в эритроците
HGB\HCT – средняя концентрация гемоглобина в эритроците
RDW (Red blood cell Distribution Width) – ширина распределения эритроцитов, коэффициент вариации среднего объёма эритроцитов
RDW-SD (Red blood cell Distribution Width as Standard Deviation, Standard Deviation in RBC Distribution Width index)– относительная ширина распределения эритроцитов по объёму, стандартное отклонение
RDW-CV (Red blood cell Distribution Width as Coefficient of Variation, Coefficient of Variation in Red blood cell Distribution Width) - относительная ширина распределения эритроцитов по объёму, коэффициент вариации
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) – скорость оседания эритроцитов
WBC (White Blood Cells) – абсолютное содержание лейкоцитов
GRA, GRAN (Granulocytes) – содержание гранулоцитов
EOS, EO (Eosinophils) – содержание эозинофилов
BAS, BA (Basophiles) – содержание базофилов
NEUT (Neutrophils) – содержание нейтрофилов
LYM, LY (Lymphocytes) – содержание лимфоцитов
MON, MO (Monocytes) – содержание моноцитов
MXD (MID) (Mixed cell Percentage (MXD %), Mixed Cell Count (MXD #)) – содержание смеси моноцитов, эозинофилов, базофилов
IMM (Immature granulocytes) – содержание незрелых гранулоцитов
PLT (Platelets) – абсолютное содержание тромбоцитов
MPV (Mean Platelet Volume) – средний объём тромбоцитов
PDW (Platelets Distribution Width) - относительная ширина распределения тромбоцитов по объёму, показатель гетерогенности тромбоцитов
PCT (Platelet crit) - тромбокрит
P-LCR (Large Platelet Ratio) - коэффициент больших тромбоцитов
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_blood_count
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_urine_tests
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_lab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_body_scanner
www.LLS.org
http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/labs/index.php
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/neuroendocrine-tumors-tests#2
https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-tests-before-and-after-surgery-3156977
https://www.healthline.com/health/getting-physical-examination#procedure
http://www.strokecenter.org/patients/stroke-diagnosis/lab-tests-and-procedures/
https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/patient/resources/diagnostic-tests/labs-diagnostic-tests-chronic-pain
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/patients-and-families/patients/laboratory-and-diagnostic-tests
https://www.healthline.com/health/cbc
https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-differential
https://www.healthline.com/health/white-blood-cell-count-and-differential#procedure
https://www.healthline.com/health/rbc-count
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https://www.healthline.com/health/urinalysis
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-7-medical-imaging/
https://www.who.int/diagnostic_imaging/en/
Extension video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kx7JdVnfvj0 ultra sonic investigation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qrbzpDA98g upper GI Endoscopy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHFRCrPj0SQ lower GI endoscopy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQzNG89pESQ Spirometry test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQzNG89pESQ spirometry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6S978T_olo MRI
Medical Terms
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC). The number of neutrophils (a type of white cell) that a person has to fight infection. It is calculated by multiplying the total number of white blood cells by the percentage of neutrophils.
Anemia. Decrease in the hematocrit concentration and hemoglobin levels in the blood.
Basophil. A type of white cell that participates in certain allergic reactions.
Biomarkers (cancer cell markers, tumor markers). Chemicals or structures present either on the surface of or within cells or in the serum. They may aid doctors in determining when treatment (and which type of treatment) is needed by identifying disease that will progress more rapidly and/or have a better or worse response to certain treatments. Examples of biomarkers are gene expression, serum protein levels and chromosome abnormalities in cancer cells. No single feature can accurately predict disease progression in a patient; therefore, doctors use a combination of factors to make a diagnosis and a treatment plan.
Central line. A special tube inserted into a large vein in the upper chest. The central line, sometimes referred to as an “indwelling catheter,” is tunneled under the skin of the chest to keep it firmly in place. The external end of the catheter can be used to administer medications, fluids or blood products or to withdraw blood samples. With meticulous care, central lines can remain in place for long periods of time (many months) if necessary. They can be capped and remain in place in patients after they leave the hospital, and be used for outpatient chemotherapy or blood product administration. Several types of catheters (for example, Groshong®, Hickman®, and Broviac®) can be used for patients receiving intensive chemotherapy or nutritional support.
Clinical trials. Carefully planned and monitored research studies, conducted by doctors. The goal of clinical trials for blood cancers is to improve treatment and quality of life and to increase survival. A treatment that is proven safe and effective in a clinical trial is often approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as a standard treatment if it is more effective or has fewer side effects than the current standard treatment.
Contrast dye. A substance used during certain types of imaging tests to help distinguish between different body tissues and to clarify test findings. It is usually injected into a vein or given by mouth before the test. Contrast dyes are also called “contrast agents.”
Cytogenetic analysis. The examination of the chromosomes of cancer cells to give doctors information about how to treat patients. Cell samples may be taken from blood or marrow.
Eosinophil. A type of white cell that participates in allergic reactions and helps fight certain parasitic infections. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). See Sedimentation rate.
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). A substance that is similar to glucose (a type of sugar) with a radioactive tracer (F-18) attached to it. FDG is injected into a patient’s blood, and its activity in the body is traced using a PET scan. Because tumor cells consume significantly larger amounts of glucose than normal cells in surrounding tissue do, FDG-PET is an effective tool for detecting lymphoma and other cancers.
Hematocrit. The amount of blood that is occupied by red cells.
Hemoglobin. A protein that carries oxygen inside the red cells to other tissues and cells in the body.
Immunophenotyping. A lab test that can determine the specific type of cell in a sample of blood cells, marrow cells or lymph node cells. For example, immunophenotyping can be used to find out if the patient’s lymphocytic leukemia cells are B cells or T cells.
Leukocytes. See White cells.
Lymphocyte. A type of white blood cell. There are three major types of lymphocytes: T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. These cells help fight infection.
Macrophage. See Monocyte.
Marrow. The spongy material in the center of bones where blood cells are made.
Platelets. Small cells (about one-tenth the volume of red cells) that stick to the site of blood vessel injury, aggregate with each other and seal off the injured blood vessel to stop bleeding.
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A sensitive lab test that can measure the presence of certain types of biomarkers in the blood or marrow. PCR is used to detect remaining cancer cells that cannot be detected by other tests.
Port. A small device that is used with a central line to access a vein. The port is placed under the skin of the chest. To take blood samples (or to give medicines or nutrition) the doctor or nurse puts a needle through the skin into the port. A numbing cream can be put on the skin before the port is used.
Radiation oncologist. A doctor who is specially trained to use radiation to treat various types of cancer.
Red cells. Blood cells (erythrocytes) that carry hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and carries it to the tissues of the body. The red cells make up about 40 to 45 percent of the volume of the blood in healthy individuals.
Sedimentation rate. A blood test that measures how quickly red cells (erythrocytes) settle in a test tube in one hour. A sedimentation rate test is done to find out if inflammation is present in the body, check on the progress of a disease or see how well a treatment is working. This test is also called a “sed rate” or an “erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).”
Serum. The portion of blood without cells.
Thrombocytopenia. A decrease below normal in the concentration of blood platelets.
White cells. A synonym for leukocytes. There are five major types of white cells in the blood: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
Computed tomography (CT) medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body
Positron emission tomography (PET) medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues
Ultrasonography application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs
X-ray
form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones
Unit 25
Diagnosis and Treatment
T opic Diagnosis and Treatment
Grammar Sequence of Tenses in Objective Subordinate Clause Revision Modal Verbs
Vocabulary Diagnosis and Treatment, Noun suffix – cian Prefix intra-, contra- Revision Suffix –osis
Reading ‘Diagnosis and Treatment’, ‘Medication List and Patient Medication Directions’
Listening ‘Robots at hospital pharmacy mean more accurate dosages’ (video)
Speaking Group Work, Dialogue, Presentation
Getting started
1. Watch the video ‘Finn Bálor receives a unique medical treatment: Sept. 26, 2016’ and answer the questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uS0ltc8MCr0
ü What kind of treatment is shown in the video? What patient’s problem must it solve?
ü Have you ever experienced any kind of treatment? (drug, surgery, physiotherapy)
ü What is a treatment?
ü How does a treatment relate to a patient’s diagnosis?
Vocabulary
Word building:
Noun Suffix - cian
Prefix contra-, intra-
Noun Suffix - cian is added to the noun root, a word describes an occupation, having a certain skill or art: clinician, politician
Prefix contra- is the prefix of Latin origin meaning ‘against, opposite, opposed, contrary, preventing’: contraceptive.
Prefix intra- (intro-) is the prefix of Latin origin meaning ‘within, inside, during, under’: intramuscular, introgression.
See Unit 24 for Suffix-osis
2. Translate the following words into Russian paying attention to the suffixes and word formation:
Logician, diagnosis, musician, intraabdominal, intra-plural, beautician, prognosis, dietician, technician, mathematician, diagnostician, physician, contraindications, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, contraclockwise, contraband, intra-alveolar.
3. Read and translate the anatomical terms of Latin-Greek origin. Pay your attention to the pronunciation of the words:
Diagnosis [,daIqg`nqusIs] (pl. diagnoses [,daIqg`nqusJz]), condition [kqn`dIS(q)n], criterion [kraI`tIqrIqn] (pl.criteria [kraI`tIqrIq]),erythema [,erI`TJmq], etiology [,JtI`OlqdZI], pathogenesis [,paTq(u)`dZenIsIs],enteral [`entqr(q)l], progression [prq`greS(q)n],prognosis [prOg`nqusIs] (pl. prognoses [prOg`nqusJz]),prophylactic [,prOfI`lxktIk], palliative [`pxlIetIv],topical [`tOpIk(q)l], prescription [prIs`krIpS(q)n], injection [In`dZekS(q)n], intravenous [,Intrq`vJnqs], intramuscular [,Intrq`mAskjqlq]
Useful vocabulary
ailment [`eIlmqnt]– болезнь, недуг, недомогание
complication [,kOmplI`keIS(q)n]– осложнение (вследствие заболевания)
severity of symptoms [sI`verqtI qv,sImptqms] - степень тяжести симптомов
course of disease [`kLs qv dI,zJz] - течение заболевания
mild [maIld] – слабый, мягкий, лёгкий
moderate [`mOd(q)rqt] – умеренный, средний
severe [sI`vIq]- тяжёлый, серьёзный
contraindications [,kOntrqIdI`keIS(q)ns] - противопоказания
to prescribe[prI`skraIb]- предписывать, прописывать, назначать
to fill a prescription [prIs`krIpS(q)n] – приготовить лекарства по рецепту
medication [,medI`keIS(q)n] (medicine [`medIsIn], drug [drAg]) - лекарство, лекарственное средство
dosage [`dquzIdZ] – дозировка, доза
administration [qd,mInIs`treIS(q)n] – применение лекарства, назначение
pharmacy [`fRmqsI] - аптека
non-prescription medicine [nqnprIs`krIpS(q)n,medIsIn] (over-the-counter medication [,quveDq`kauntq,medI`keIS(q)n]) - лекарство, отпускаемое без рецепта
chemist’s shop [`kemIsts,SOp] (drugstore [`drAgstL]) – розничная аптека
prescription medicine [prIs`krIpS(q)n]– лекарство, отпускаемое по рецепту
syrup [`sIrqp] - сироп
ointment [`OIntment] - мазь
label [`leIb(q)l] - этикетка, маркировка
direction [dI`rekS(q)n] - руководство, указание, инструкция
side effect [,saIdI`fekt] – побочное явление, побочный эффект
disease management [dI,zJz `mxnIdZment] - лечение заболевания
disorder [dI`sLdq] – расстройство, нарушение, болезнь
pill [pIl]- таблетка
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